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Scan acquisition parameters: A susceptibility weighted single shot echo planar sequence will image the regional distribution of the BOLD signal with TR = 2100 ms, TE = 20ms, flip angle = 80°, with an in plane resolution of 3.0 x 3.0 mm2 (64 x 64 matrix; 192 x 192 mm2 field of view). To cover the whole brain, 32 4mm slices (interleaved acquisition, no skip) will be acquired along the AC-PC transverse, oblique plane as determined by the midsagittal section. Slices are acquired in an interleaved mode to reduce cross talk of the slice selection pulse. High resolution, T1 weighted 3D volume will be acquired in 8 mins (MP-RAGE with a TR/TE of 2100ms/2.4ms, flip angle of 15°, TI of 1100ms, matrix size of 256x256, FOV of 22cm, slice thickness of 1mm). We will acquire a scout image to insure adequate coverage. The orientation of this 3D volume is identical to the functional slices and will be used in conjunction with the activation maps to localize the function and determine the anatomic regions for investigation of the time course data. We will monitor head movement in real time if head movement exceeds 3mm or 3o change during a scan, the operator is notified so that he/she can stop the scan and re-administer that run. Training paradigm: We will use an adapted block version of the taste receipt paradigm, which assesses activation in response to receipt of a highly palatable milkshake (3.6g fat, 2.8g sugar/fl oz), a sub-palatable milkshake (0.4g fat, 1.5g sugar/fl oz) and a tasteless, odorless solution containing the main ionic components of saliva (25 mM KCl, 2.5 mM NaHCO3 in distilled water) as a control contrast. Subjects will randomly receive the 3 fluids through individual beverage tubes, which will be anchored to the head coil and deliver the tastes in the same area in the mouth. During tastant delivery block, a logo cue (2 sec) is presented followed by a blank screen, the paired tastant is then delivered (3 sec; 0,5mL). There is then a waiting period (2 sec), a rinse with the neutral solution (3 sec; 0.5mL), and variable jitter (4-9 sec). Each run contains 45 blocks, 15 blocks of each taste randomly presented. Two runs (11 min, 30 secs per run) will be performed for a total time of 23 minutes. Prediction error paradigm: We will use a probabilistic reward paradigm to assess activation in response to negative prediction error. The paradigm is similar to the training paradigm except in 30% of the blocks the logo associated with the hyper-palatable milkshake will be paired with the sub-palatable milkshake. Each run contains 24 blocks; in 16 blocks the logo will predict the taste (as trained in the previous training paradigm), in 8 blocks the logo for the hyper-palatable milkshake will be presented with the taste of the sub-palatable milkshake. All blocks will be randomly presented. Two runs (8 min per run) will be performed for a total time of 16 minutes. Food picture paradigm: We will use a use a block paradigm showing blocks of 3 images of hyper-palatable foods, low palatable foods, and images of water, with two subconditions of sweet and savory. The participant will view each image for 2.5 s. Each condition has 16 blocks for a total of 48 blocks. One run will be preformed for a total time of 9 minutes. Previous research has shown neural response to food images to be predictive of weight loss at a nine-month follow up42.
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