The use of emoticons and emoji is increasingly popular across a variety of new platforms of online communication. They have also become popular as stimulus materials in scientific research. However, the assumption that emoji/emoticon users’ interpretation always corresponds to the developers/researchers intended meaning might be misleading. This paper presents subjective norms of emoji and emoticons provided by everyday users. The Lisbon Emoji and Emoticon Database (LEED) comprises 238 stimuli: 85 emoticons and 153 emoji (iOS, Android, Facebook and Emojipedia). The sample included 505 Portuguese participants recruited online. Each participant evaluated a random subset of 20 stimuli in seven evaluative dimensions: aesthetic appeal, familiarity, visual complexity, concreteness, valence, arousal and meaningfulness. Participants were additionally asked to attribute meaning to each stimulus. The norms obtained include quantitative descriptive results (mean, standard deviation and confidence intervals), and meaning analysis per stimulus. We also examined the correlations between the dimensions, and tested for differences between emoticons and emoji, as well as between two major operating systems – Android and iOS. The LEED constitutes a readily available normative database (available at [www.osf.io/nua4x][1]) with potential applications to different research domains.
Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2Fs13428-017-0878-6
[1]: http://www.osf.io/nua4x