## The Sociolinguistic Archive and Analysis Project (SLAAP) ## The [Sociolinguistic Archive and Analysis Project (SLAAP)][1] is a web-based digitization and preservation project housed at North Carolina State University (USA), which features a growing archive of sociolinguistic audio recordings and their transcripts as well as a suite of tools for interacting with and analyzing the data. SLAAP houses the recording collections and additional research materials, notes, and metadata for over 50 sociolinguistic research projects. Six SLAAP corpora have been shared with SPADE and have been aligned by the SPADE team using the Montreal Forced Aligner. For corpus citation purposes, we give key references for each of the SLAAP corpora. A more substantial list of references is given at the end of this section. ### SLAAP-Ex-Slave ### Archival recordings of ex-slaves. **Number of speakers**: 10, 5F \ **Hours of speech**: 2 \ **Years recorded**: 1932-1974 \ **Data Guardian**: Library of Congress \ **Speaker dimensions**: sex, birth year (1841-1859), ethnicity, locality #### Corpus References #### Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila (eds.) (1991), The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins \ Thomas, Erik R. (2017), "Analysis of the ex-slave recordings". Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English, ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge University Press: 350-74 ### SLAAP-NC-AA ### Sociolinguistic interviews with African-American speakers from various places in North Carolina. **Number of speakers**: 42, 21F \ **Hours of speech**: 35 \ **Years recorded**: 1994-2011 \ **Data Guardians**: Walt Wolfram, Erik R. Thomas, May F. Chung, Mary E. Kohn, Ryan Rowe, Kirk A. Hazen, Clare J. Dannenberg, Natalie Schilling, Robin M. Dodsworth, Christine L. Mallinson, Jeannine Carpenter, Janelle Vadnais, Becky Childs, and others \ **Speaker dimensions**: sex, birth year (1896-1992), ethnicity, locality #### Corpus References #### Wolfram, Walt, and Erik R. Thomas (2002), The Development of African American English. (Language in Society Series), 31. Oxford, UK/ Malden, MA: Blackwell. \ Dannenberg, Clare J. (2002), "Sociolinguistic constructs of ethnic identity: The syntactic deliniation of an American Indian English". Publication of the American Dialect Society 87. Durham: Duke University Press. \ Hazen, Kirk (2000), Identity and Ethnicity in the Rural South: A Sociolinguistic View through Past and Present Be. Publication of the American Dialect Society, 83. Durham, NC: Duke University Press\ Mallinson, Christine, and Becky Childs (2005), "Communities of practice in sociolinguistic description: Analyzing language and identity practices among Black women in Appalachia". Gender and Language 1:173-206. ### SLAAP-NC-misc ### Sociolinguistic interviews with White, Lumbee, and Hispanic speakers from various places in North Carolina. **Number of speakers**: 36, 20F \ **Hours of speech**: 21 \ **Years recorded**: 1993-2016 \ **Data Guardian**: Walt Wolfram, Erik R. Thomas, May F. Chung, Kendra Intihar, Mary Kohn, Ryan Rowe, Kirk Hazen, and others \ **Speaker dimensions**: sex, birth year (1881-1995), ethnicity, locality #### Corpus References #### Wolfram, Walt, and Erik R. Thomas (2002), The Development of African American English. (Language in Society Series), 31. Oxford, UK/ Malden, MA: Blackwell. \ Dannenberg, Clare J. (2002), "Sociolinguistic constructs of ethnic identity: The syntactic deliniation of an American Indian English". Publication of the American Dialect Society 87. Durham: Duke University Press. \ Hazen, Kirk (2000), Identity and Ethnicity in the Rural South: A Sociolinguistic View through Past and Present Be. Publication of the American Dialect Society, 83. Durham, NC: Duke University Press\ Mallinson, Christine, and Becky Childs (2005), "Communities of practice in sociolinguistic description: Analyzing language and identity practices among Black women in Appalachia". Gender and Language 1:173-206. ### SLAAP-Ohio ### Sociolinguistic interviews with speakers from various places in Ohio. **Number of speakers**: 69, 34F \ **Hours of speech**: 33 \ **Years recorded**: 1993-2015 \ **Data Guardians**: Erik R. Thomas and Lacey R. Wade (nee Arnold) \ **Speaker dimensions**: sex, birth year (1946-1996), ethnicity, locality #### Corpus References #### Arnold, Lacey R. (2015), "Multiple mergers: Production and perception of three pre-/l/ mergers in Youngstown, Ohio". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 21.2.: article 2\ Thomas, Erik R. (2019), "A Retrospective on the Low-Back-Merger Shift". Publication of the American Dialect Society, 104. Durham: Duke University Press: 180-204\ Wade, Lacey R. (2017), "The role of duration in the perception of vowel merger". Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology, 8.1.: paper 30 ### SLAAP-NorthTown-Anglo ### Sociolinguistic interviews with Anglo speakers from a town in Texas, referred to as 'North Town', TX. **Number of speakers**: 11, 2F \ **Hours of speech**: 8 \ **Years recorded**: 2005-2007 \ **Data Guardian**: Erik R. Thomas \ **Speaker dimensions**: sex, birth year (1923-1962), ethnicity, locality ### SLAAP-NorthTown-Latinx ### Sociolinguistic interviews with Hispanic speakers from 'North Town', TX. **Number of speakers**: 32, 23F \ **Hours of speech**: 19 \ **Years recorded**: 2005-2007 \ **Data Guardian**: Erik R. Thomas \ **Speaker dimensions**: sex, birth year (1918-1997), ethnicity, locality ### Corpus References Thomas, Erik R., ed. (2019), "Mexican American English: Substrate Influence and the Birth of an Ethnolect". Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ## Additional Corpus References ## ### SLAAP Corpus ### Kendall, Tyler (2007a). Enhancing Sociolinguistic Data Collections: The North Carolina Sociolinguistic Archive and Analysis Project. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 13.2: 15-26. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ### SLAAP-Ex-Slave ### Thomas, Erik R., & Phillip M. Carter (2006), "Prosodic rhythm and African American English". English World-Wide, 27.: 331-355 ### SLAAP-NC ### Atkinson, Tarra Grey (1995), The assessment of Lumbee Vernacular English speakers: A sociolinguistic profile and application. Masters thesis, North Carolina Central University\ Beckett, Daniel R. (2001), Sociolinguistic individuality in an enclave community. M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University\ Childs, Becky (2005), Investigating the Local Construction of Identity: Sociophonetic Variation in Smoky Mountain African American Women's Spe. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Georgia\ Childs, Becky and Christine Mallinson (2004), "African American English in Appalachia: Dialect accomodation and substrate influence". English World-Wide, 25, 1. John Benjamins: 27-50\ Childs, Rebecca Laree (2000), A Hyde County clusterfest: The role of consonant cluster reduction in a historically isolated African-American community. M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University\ Chung, May Fung (2014), "The Hmong Among Many: A Descriptive Analysis of a Southern Interlanguage Variety". M.A. Capstone Paper, North Carolina State University.\ Coggshall, Elizabeth (2006), Differential Vowel Accommodation among two Native American Groups. M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University\ Dannenberg, Clare J. (1996), Moving toward a diachronic and synchronic definition of Lumbee English. M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University.\ Dannenberg, Clare J. (1999), "Null copula and ethnic distinctions: Grammatical and phonological distribution in a tri-ethnic community". Journal of English Linguistics, 27: 356-70\ Dannenberg, Clare J., and Walt Wolfram (1998), "Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring: Be(s) in Lumbee English". American Speech, 73.: 153-59\ Dannenberg, Clare J., and Walt Wolfram (1999), The Roots of Lumbee English. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Language and Life Project.\ Dodsworth, Robin, & Richard A. Benton (2017), "Social network cohesion and the retreat from Southern vowels in Raleigh". Language in Society, 46.: 371-405\ Green, Elaine Weslee (1998), "A Marshland of Ethnolinguistic Boundaries: Conflicting Past and Present Be Paradigms in Coastal Carolina Speech".\ Hammonds, Renee (2000), People's perceptions of Lumbee Vernacular English. Masters thesis, North Carolina Central University\ Hazen, Kirk (1997), "Past and present be in Southern ethnolinguistic boundaries". Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\ Hazen, Kirk Allen (1994), Subject-verb concord in post-insular vernacular varieties of English. M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University\ Intihar, Kendra Day (2014), "Dialect Preservation and Leveling in Hickory, North Carolina". M.A. Capstone Paper, North Carolina State University.\ Kendall, T. and W. Wolfram (2009), "Local and external standards in African American English". Journal of English Linguistics, 37(4).: 305-330\ Kendall, T. and W. Wolfram (2009), "Local and external standards in African American English". Journal of English Linguistics, 37(4).: 305-330\ Kendall, Tyler (2007), "'The people what makes the town': The semiotics of home and town spaces in Princeville, North Carolina". North Carolina Folklore Journal, 54.1.: 33-53\ Kendall, Tyler (2007), 'The people what makes the town': The semiotics of home and town spaces in Princeville, North Carolina". North Carolina Folklore Journal, 54.1.: 33-53\ Kerns, Ursulla H. (2001), "A comparison of lexical items in Lumbee Vernacular English from the Pembroke and Prospect communities". Masters thesis, North Carolina Central University\ Locklear, Hayes Allan, Natalie Schilling-Estes, Walt Wolfram (1996), "A Dialect Dictionary of Lumbee English". Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Language and Life Project\ Mallinson, Christine (2002), "The Regional Accommodation of African American English: Evidence from a Bi-Ethnic Mountain Enclave Community". NCSU MA Thesis\ Mallinson, Christine (2006), "The Dynamic Construction of Race, Class, and Gender through Linguistic Practice among Women in a Black Appalachian Community". NCSU PhD Dissertation\ Mallinson, Christine (2007), "Social class, social status, and stratification: Revisiting familiar concepts in sociolinguistics". Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 13.2: 149-63.\ Mallinson, Christine, and Becky Childs (2004), "The Intersection of Regional and Ethnic Identity: African American English in Appalachia". Journal of Appalachian Studies, 10.: 129-42\ Mallinson, Christine, and Walt Wolfram (2002), "Dialect accommodation in a bi-ethnic mountain enclave community: More evidence on the development of African American Vernacular English". Language in Society, 31.: 743-775 North Carolina Language and Life Project (2000), "Indian by Birth: The Lumbee Dialect". Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University Humanities Extensions\ Peterson, James Braxton, Jr. (1995), "Style variation in the sociolinguistic interview: An empirical study of interviewer adaptation". Masters thesis, North Carolina State University\ Rowe, Ryan (2005), "The Development of African American English in the Oldest Black Town in America: Plural –s Absence in Princeville, North". NCSU MA Thesis\ Rowe, Ryan (2005), "The Development of African American English in the Oldest Black Town in America: Plural –s Absence in Princeville, North". NCSU MA Thesis\ Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1996), The Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Status of /ay/ in Outer Banks English. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\ Schilling-Estes, Natalie (2000), "Inter-ethnic differentiation and cross-ethnic accommodation: /ay/ in Lumbee Native American Vernacular English". Language Variation and Change, 12.: 141-74\ Schilling-Estes, Natalie (2004), "Constructing ethnicity in interaction". Journal of Sociolinguistics, 8.: 163-95\ Schilling-Estes, Natalie, and Walt Wolfram (1999), "Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation versus concentration". Language, 75.: 486-521\ Thomas, Erik R., and Elizabeth L. Coggshall (2007), "Comparing Phonetic Characteristics of African American and European American English". Linguistica Atlantica (Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association), 27/28.: 112-116\ Thomas, Erik R., and Elizabeth L. Coggshall (2007), "Comparing phonetic characteristics of African American and European American English". Linguistica Atlantica (Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association), 27/28.: 112-116\ Thomas, Erik R., and Jeffrey Reaser (2004), "Delimiting Perceptual Cues Used for the Ethnic Labeling of African American and European American Voices". Journal of Sociolinguistics, 8.: 54-86\ Vadnais, Janelle Chaundre (2006), "A cross regional study of locative to in North Carolina". M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University\ Vadnais, Janelle Chaundre (2006), "A cross regional study of locative to in North Carolina". M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University\ Wolfram, Walt (1996), "Deliniation and description in dialectology: The case of perfictive I'm in Lumbee English". American Speech, 71.: 5-26\ Wolfram, Walt (2003), "Reexamining the development of African American English: Evidence from isolated communities". Language, 79.: 282-316\ Wolfram, Walt (2003), "Reexamining the development of African American English: Evidence from isolated communities". Language, 79.: 282-316\ Wolfram, Walt, and Clare J. Dannenberg (1999), "Dialect identity in a triethnic context: The case of Lumbee American Indian English". English World-Wide, 20.: 79-116\ Wolfram, Walt, and Jason Sellers (1999), "Ethnolinguistic marking of past be in Lumbee Vernacular English". Journal of English Linguistics, 27.: 94-114\ Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling-Estes (1995), "Moribund dialects and the endangerment canon: The case of the Ocracoke Brogue". Language, 71.: 696-721\ Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling-Estes (1996), "Dialect change and maintenance in a post-insular island community". Focus on the USA, ed. by Edgar W. Schneider. Varieties of English around the World 16. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 103-48\ Wolfram, Walt, Erik R. Thomas, and Elaine W. Green (2000), "The Regional Context of Earlier African-American Speech: Evidence for Reconstructing the Development of AAVE". Language in Society, 29.: 315-45\ Wolfram, Walt, Kirk Hazen, and Jennifer Ruff Tamburro (1997), "Isolation within isolation: A solitary century of African-American Vernacular English". Journal of Sociolinguistics, 1.: 7-38\ Wolfram, Walt, Kirk Hazen, and Natalie Schilling-Estes (1999), Dialect Change and Maintenance on the Outer Banks. Publication of the American Dialect Society 81. Tuscaloosa, AL/London: University of Alabama Press\ Wolfram, Walt, Natalie Schilling-Estes, Kirk Hazen, & Chris (1997), "The sociolinguistic complexity of quasi-isolated Southern coastal communities". Language Variety in the South Revisited, ed. by Cynthia Bernstein, Thomas Nunnally, and Robin Sabino. Tuscaloosa/London: University of Alabama Press: 173-87 ### SLAAP-Ohio ### Moreton, Elliott, and Erik Thomas (2007), "Origins of Canadian Raising in Voiceless-Coda Effects: A Case Study in Phonologization". Papers in Laboratory Phonology 9, ed. by Jennifer Cole and José Ignacio Hualde. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter: 37-63\ Thomas, Erik R. (1996), "A Comparison of Variation Patterns of Variables among Sixth-Graders in an Ohio community.". Timothy C. Frazer (ed.), Focus on the USA. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.: 149-68\ Thomas, Erik R (2006), "Evidence from Ohio on the Evolution of /æ/". Thomas E. Murray and Beth Lee Simon (eds.), Language Variation and Change in the American Midland: A New Look at “Heartland English. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 69-89\ Thomas, Erik R. (2000), "Spectral Differences in /ai/ Offsets Conditioned by Voicing of the Following Consonant". Journal of Phonetics, 28.: 1-25\ Thomas, Erik R. (2010), "A longitudinal analysis of the durability of the Northern-Midland boundary in Ohio". American Speech, 85.: 375-430\ ### SLAAP-NorthTown Callahan, Erin (2008), "Accommodation without assimilation:" Past tense unmarking and peak accent alignment in Hispanic English. M.A. Thesis, North Carolina State University\ Ericson, Holly Anne (2007), An Intonational Analysis of Mexican American English in Comparison to Anglo American English. M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University\ Summerlin, Martha Lynn (2014), Voice Onset Timing in L1 and L2 Speakers in North Carolina and Texas. M.A. Capstone Project, North Carolina State University\ Thomas, Erik R. (2014), "L2 Accent Choices and Language Contact". Social Dynamics In Second Language Accent. Ed. John M. Levis and Alene Moyer. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter: 119-44\ Thomas, Erik R., and Holly A. Ericson (2007), "Intonational distinctiveness of Mexican American English". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 13.2.: 193-205\ Van Hofwegen, Janneke (2009), "Cross-generational change in /l/ in Chicano English". English World-Wide, 30.: 302-25 \Wolford, Tonya E., & Phillip M. Carter (2010), "Spanish-as-a-threat ideology and the sociocultural context of Spanish in the United States". Historical, Social, and Cultural Aspects of Southwest Spanish, ed. Daniel J. Villa & Susana V. Rivera-Mills. Frankfurt/Madrid: Iberoamericana/Vervuert: [1]: https://slaap.chass.ncsu.edu/