GPS Reliance Scale (He & Hegarty, 2020) Participants respond to items on a 5-point scale, with a higher overall average score indicating greater reliance on using GPS. The responses are score as followed: - Always (5) - Most of the time (4) - About half the time (3) - Less than half of the time (2) - Never (1) Participants first see the following instructions, then answer 8 statements: Please respond how much you RELY ON the benefits of a GPS in the following situation. (unfamiliar means you have traveled less than twice before in the situation described below.) 1. Do you rely on GPS when: Deciding which direction to walk in an unfamiliar city or town after coming out of a train/bus/metro station. 2. Do you rely on GPS when: Finding my way to an appointment in an unfamiliar area of a city or town. 3. Do you rely on GPS when: Leaving a store that I have been to for a couple of times and deciding which way to turn to get to a destination. 4. Do you rely on GPS when: Finding my way back to a familiar area after realizing I have made a wrong turn. 5. Do you rely on GPS when: Returning from a familiar place to my home, if I have never gone home directly from this place before. 6. Do you rely on GPS when: Taking a novel detour to a familiar place, due to a roadblock on my usual route. 7. Do you rely on GPS when: Finding my way to an appointment in an area of a city or town with which I am only roughly familiar. 8. Do you rely on GPS when: Traveling to a new place after getting someone’s directions.