Data and R script used for this study. Materials linked: 1. GPSUsage_Study2.csv: the scored datafile for this study, after filtering out participants who a) did not consent to take the study, b) did not complete the study in its entirety, or c) indicated that they did not take the study seriously when completing it. Variables of interest (i.e., demographics, spatial measures) are described below: - **ID:** anonymized participant ID - **Age:** participant age (in whole years) - **Sex:** participant sex - **Ethnicity:** participant ethnicity - **SBSOD:** average self-reported sense of direction score, measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 indicating poor sense of direction, 7 indicated a good sense of direction) - **SBSODGroups:** an indication of having either a "High" or "Low" sense of direction, based on a median split of the SBSOD variable (High is a value above the median, Low is a value below the median) - **SpatialAnxiety:** average self-reported spatial anxiety score, measured on a scale of 1-5 (1 indicating low spatial anxiety, 5 indicating high spatial anxiety) - **ExplorationTendency:** average self-reported exploration tendency score, measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 indicating little tendency to explore, 7 indicating high tendency) - **NavGrowthMindset:** average self-reported navigational growth mindset (the belief that one can improve on their navigation ability), measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 indicating a fixed navigational growth mindset, 7 indicating more navigational growth mindset) - **GPSDependency:** average self-reported general GPS dependency, measured on a scale of 1-5 (1 indicating less dependence on using GPS, 5 indicating more dependence) - **GPSTurn:** average self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **NeverBeen_GPSTurn:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions for a navigation scenario in which they have never been, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled1_5_GPSTurn:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 1-5 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled5_10_GPSTurn:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 5-10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **TraveledMore10_GPSTurn:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled more than 10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **GPSRoute:** average self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **NeverBeen_GPSRoute:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning for a navigation scenario in which they have never been, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled1_5_GPSRoute:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 1-5 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled5_10_GPSRoute:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 5-10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **TraveledMore10_GPSRoute:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled more than 10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **GPSTime:** average self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **NeverBeen_GPSTime:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates for a navigation scenario in which they have never been, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled1_5_GPSTime:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 1-5 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled5_10_GPSTime:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 5-10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **TraveledMore10_GPSTime:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled more than 10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **GPSService:** average self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **NeverBeen_GPSService:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route for a navigation scenario in which they have never been, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled1_5_GPSService:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 1-5 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled5_10_GPSService:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 5-10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **TraveledMore10_GPSService:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled more than 10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **SOT:** the log-transformed average angular error on the Spatial Orientation Test, across 12 items. Before log-transforming the data, there is a maximum possible deviation of 180 degrees, where a higher average angular error indicates worse performance in the task. - **SILCtonWithinPoint:** the average angular error for within-route pointing trials in the Virtual SILCton (24 trials total). There is a maximum possible error of 180 degrees, where a higher angular error indicates worse performance in the task. - **SILCtonBetweenPoint:** the average angular error for between-route pointing trials in the Virtual SILCton (32 trials total). There is a maximum possible error of 180 degrees, where a higher angular error indicates worse performance in the task. - **SILCtonMapRSquared:** the R-squared value for the Virtual SILCton map reconstruction task. This score is calculated using a bidimensional regression that analyzes the shared variance between a reference map's XY coordinates of the learned buildings and a participant map's XY coordinates of the learned buildings. The R-squared value ranges from 0 (0% variance shared) to 1.00 (100% of variance shared), where a higher score indicates better performance on the task. - **Navigation:** this value is the average of all 3 Virtual SILCton tasks (within-route pointing, between-route pointing, and map reconstruction), after 1) reverse-scoring the pointing tasks (so a greater value indicates better performance), 2) transforming the values into z-scores for each task, and 3) averaging them together, for an aggregate z-score value (where a higher score indicates better overall performance in the Virtual SILCton). 2. GPSUsage_Study2Analysis.R: the R script for analyzing the participant data. Analyses included in the script: - Demographic reporting/counts - Histograms showing the distributions of each measure - Correlations among the variables of interest - Differences between correlation among the GPS uses, spatial anxiety, and self-reported sense of direction - A one-way ANOVA to analyze differences in the frequencies of GPS uses - Mixed ANOVAs for high vs. low sense of direction (based on a median split of SBSOD) and familiarity level of each GPS use (never been, traveled 1-5 times, traveled 5-10 times, traveled 10+ times)