Data and R script used for this study. Materials linked: 1. GPSUsage_Study1.csv: the scored datafile for this study, after filtering out participants who a) did not consent to take the study, b) did not complete the study in its entirety, c) indicated that they did not take the study seriously when completing it, or d) failed the attention check, of which they were asked to recall a previous response from the Spatial Anxiety Scale. Of 200 participants recruited, 12 were filtered out, for a final dataset of 188 participants. Variables of interest (i.e., demographics, spatial measures) are described below: - **ID:** anonymized participant ID - **Age:** participant age (in whole years) - **Sex:** participant sex - **Ethnicity:** participant ethnicity - **SBSOD:** average self-reported sense of direction score, measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 indicating poor sense of direction, 7 indicated a good sense of direction) - **SBSODGroups:** an indication of having either a "High" or "Low" sense of direction, based on a median split of the SBSOD variable (High is a value above the median, Low is a value below the median) - **SpatialAnxiety:** average self-reported spatial anxiety score, measured on a scale of 1-5 (1 indicating low spatial anxiety, 5 indicating high spatial anxiety) - **ExplorationTendency:** average self-reported exploration tendency score, measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 indicating little tendency to explore, 7 indicating high tendency) - **NavGrowthMindset:** average self-reported navigational growth mindset (the belief that one can improve on their navigation ability), measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 indicating a fixed navigational growth mindset, 7 indicating more navigational growth mindset) - **GPSDependency:** average self-reported general GPS dependency, measured on a scale of 1-5 (1 indicating less dependence on using GPS, 5 indicating more dependence) - **GPSTurn:** average self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **NeverBeen_GPSTurn:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions for a navigation scenario in which they have never been, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled1_5_GPSTurn:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 1-5 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled5_10_GPSTurn:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 5-10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **TraveledMore10_GPSTurn:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for turn-by-turn directions for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled more than 10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **GPSMinimal:** average self-reported frequency of using GPS for minimal turn-by-turn directions, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **GPSRoute:** average self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **NeverBeen_GPSRoute:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning for a navigation scenario in which they have never been, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled1_5_GPSRoute:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 1-5 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled5_10_GPSRoute:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 5-10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **TraveledMore10_GPSRoute:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for route planning for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled more than 10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **GPSTime:** average self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **NeverBeen_GPSTime:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates for a navigation scenario in which they have never been, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled1_5_GPSTime:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 1-5 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled5_10_GPSTime:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 5-10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **TraveledMore10_GPSTime:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for time and traffic estimates for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled more than 10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **GPSService:** average self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **NeverBeen_GPSService:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route for a navigation scenario in which they have never been, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled1_5_GPSService:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 1-5 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **Traveled5_10_GPSService:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled 5-10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **TraveledMore10_GPSService:** self-reported frequency of using GPS for finding a specific service along a route for a navigation scenario in which they have traveled more than 10 times, measured on a scale of 0-2 (0 indicating it is never used, 2 indicating it is always used) - **MRT:** summed mental rotation (Vandenberg & Kuse, 1978) test score. Each item is initially scored as a 0 or 1. A score of 1 is only given if a participant is completely correct on each item (i.e., selects both of the correct options, and *only* selects those 2). Otherwise, a score of 0 is given. The possible range of scores is 0-20. 2. GPSUsage_Study1Analysis.R: the R script for analyzing the participant data. Analyses included in the script: - Demographic reporting/counts - Histograms showing the distributions of each measure - Correlations among the variables of interest - Differences between correlation among the GPS uses, spatial anxiety, and self-reported sense of direction - A one-way ANOVA to analyze differences in the frequencies of GPS uses - Mixed ANOVAs for high vs. low sense of direction (based on a median split of SBSOD) and familiarity level of each GPS use (never been, traveled 1-5 times, traveled 5-10 times, traveled 10+ times)