This spatial dataset provides a detailed geographic and thematic classification of the Ecological Infrastructure (EI) patches existing in agricultural landscapes of two study areas located in the floodplains of the Tagus and Sorraia rivers (Portugal). The EI represents a network of natural and semi-natural areas (vegetation remnants) considered crucial in supporting biodiversity and related ecosystems services. This spatial product provides a consistent and very high resolution delineation of the EI patches obtained via the manual digitalisation of homogeneous vegetation patches, at a 1:1000 scale, over the high-resolution Esri World Imagery layer (ArcGIS Online data, Copyright © ESRI, 2018), with a spatial resolution of 0.6 m. For mapping purposes, the Minimum Gap (MG) considered between patches was 10 m, the minimum possible width of a patch was 5 m, and the Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU) was 200 m2. The MG and MMU thresholds represent the minimum distance between distinct patches and the smallest patch size, respectively. EI patches were characterized according to their dominant vegetation composition, i.e., those dominated by trees and tall shrubs were classified as “woody”, while those where this type of vegetation was absent or scarce as “non-woody” (these include open areas with scarce vegetation or dominated by herbaceous communities). This classification was attained via on-screen photo interpretation, using differences of shape, colour, and texture in relation to their surroundings and fieldwork. EI patches were also classified concerning their contiguity to river reaches (i.e., Riparian vs. Terrestrial) using a layer of Portuguese rivers based on a 25 m resolution Digital Elevation Model and improved in extent and detail by digitalising small tributaries and headwater streams over the high-resolution ESRI World Imagery layer (ArcGIS Online data, 2018, Copyright © ESRI; spatial resolution: 0.6 m). The spatial location and classification of EI patches was validated during field surveys taken in the Spring and Summer of 2019. This dataset was obtained under the framework of the Optimal greening of irrigated farmland to achieve a prime environment project (Optimus Prime project – PTDC/ASP-AGR/29771/2017). This project aims to investigate the ecological benefits sustained by the EI in Mediterranean agricultural landscapes to enable providing guidelines to increment benefits to both ecosystem services and farmland producers.