This project was conducted by Catarina Teige and colleagues as part of Catta's PhD at the University of York, UK. The project used MEG to examine the neural response to strong and weak thematically trials, and taxonomic trials matched in difficulty to the weak thematic trials. An abstract for the study is provided below. How does the brain represent and process different types of knowledge? The Dual Hub account postulates that anterior temporal lobes (ATL) support taxonomic relationships based on shared physical features (mole – cat), while temporoparietal regions, including posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), support thematic associations (mole – earth). Conversely, the Controlled Semantic Cognition account proposes that ATL supports both aspects of knowledge, while left pMTG contributes to controlled retrieval. This study used magnetoencephalography to test these contrasting predictions of functional dissociations within the temporal lobe. ATL and pMTG responded more strongly to taxonomic and weak thematic trials respectively, matched for behavioural performance, in line with predictions of the Dual Hub account. The taxonomic word pairs were found to have greater conceptual similarity, reflecting their shared physical features. In addition, ATL showed a greater response to strong than weak thematic associations, while pMTG showed the opposite pattern, supporting a key prediction of the Controlled Semantic Cognition account. These diverse results can potentially be explained in terms of opposing effects of semantic coherence and control at the two sites: ATL shows a stronger response when concepts have more overlapping meanings, either in terms of their shared physical features or a strong thematic link. In contrast, pMTG shows a stronger response when conceptual retrieval following one word is a poor fit with the pattern of retrieval required by the task. This is consistent with the proposal that pMTG controls the retrieval of knowledge so that it is appropriate to the circumstances. Consequently, time-sensitive neuroimaging supports a process account of taxonomic and thematic differences in the temporal lobe