Abstract: "Are you LISTENING?" may be one of the most frequent questions preschoolers hear from their parents and teachers, but can children be taught to listen carefully, and if so, what changes in their brains? Four- and five-year old children were taught an embodied lan-guage simulation strategy to use while listening to stories: first, they practiced moving graphics on an iPad to correspond to the story actions, and then they practiced imagining the move-ments. Compared to a control condition, children in the intervention answered comprehension questions more accurately when imagining moving the graphics and on a measure of transfer us-ing a new story without any instruction and with only immovable graphics. Importantly, for children in the intervention, the change in comprehension from the first to the sixth day was strongly correlated with changes in EEG activity in visual cortex and motor cortex. Thus, listen-ing comprehension was improved by teaching children to align visual and motor processing with language comprehension. Data file 1: A16_1 200_500 August 30, 2019. This file contains the data used in the analysis reported in the paper BEFORE deletion of outliers and multiple imputation (see “Final_Aggregated w 109” for data after outlier deletion and multiple imputation). Data column labels and interpretations are essentially identical to those in “Final_Aggregated w 109” Data file 2: This file contains the data used in the analysis reported in the paper. “Final” means that this file is after deletion of outliers and multiple imputation of deleted data (see “A16_1 200_500 August 30, 2019.copy for data before outlier deletion and multiple imputation). “Aggregated” means that the file contains both comprehension data and EEG data. “w109” means that the file contains data that was recovered from participant 109 which was missing in some earlier data files. Data columns in Final_Aggregated w 109.copy is a file that explains the labels used in the data file. Data columns in A16_1 200_500 August 30, 2019.copy is a file that explains the labels used in the data file. Question 1 is an SPSS output file with the analyses relevant to Research Question 1. Question 2 is an SPSS output file with the analyses relevant to Research Question 2. Question 3 is an SPSS output file with the analyses relevant to Research Question 3.