# When Do Candidates "Go Negative"? A Conjoint Analysis to Unpack the Mechanisms of Negative Campaigning
### *Sebastian Stier, Corinna Oschatz, Bernhard Clemm von Hohenberg, Jürgen Maier, Alessandro Nai & Nora Kirkizh*
## Replication materials
The data and code provided here enable the replication of the paper ***When Do Candidates "Go Negative"? A Conjoint Analysis to Unpack the Mechanisms of Negative Campaigning***. The archive contains R scripts and data files.
## R scripts in folder `code`
| script | description|
|---|--|
| `1_recoding.R` | Pre-processing data |
| `2_descriptives.R` | Reproducing descriptive statistics about sample mentioned in main paper
| `3_analysis` | Regression analysis and figures 1-3 in the main paper
| `SM_sample_descriptives.R` | Table for Supplementary Material (SM) D |
| `SM_mainmodels.R` | Figure for SM E |
| `SM_diagnostics` | Figures for SM F |
| `SM_var_descriptives.R` | Table for SM G |
| `SM_robustness.R` | Figures for SM G |
## Data files
Data to reproduce the results are provided in the folder `data`. The data files are read into the R scripts where appropriate. Results are written to the folder `output`. To protect the privacy of participating candidates, we removed the variable *incumbency* from the data, but still include the code for the respective analysis in the paper. We also removed the party identification and age of candidates that were used for SM Table D.1.
## Computational environment
All analyses were conducted in R, in the following environment:
```
R version 4.3.1 (2023-06-16)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin20 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS Ventura 13.6.1
Matrix products: default
BLAS: /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libBLAS.dylib
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-x86_64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib; LAPACK version 3.11.0
locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
time zone: Europe/Amsterdam
tzcode source: internal
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] rstatix_0.7.2 psych_2.3.6 openxlsx_4.2.5.2 haven_2.5.3 cregg_0.4.0 lubridate_1.9.2
[7] forcats_1.0.0 stringr_1.5.1 dplyr_1.1.4 purrr_1.0.2 readr_2.1.4 tidyr_1.3.0
[13] tibble_3.2.1 ggplot2_3.4.4 tidyverse_2.0.0
```
