Research has identified that people represent and derive esteem from different sources. In particular, there appears to be a difference between personal self-esteem (someone's subjective self-worth) and collective esteem (the self-worth that people allocate to their collectives). However, no studies have examined how these different levels of self-worth might influence people's incipient grouping behavior. We hypothesized that collective and personal self-esteem shape social grouping in two critical ways: first, esteem influences how people's social attitudes influence their grouping behavior. And second, esteem influences how sensitive people are to minimal grouping cues. In both cases, we hypothesized that--controlling for individualism/collectivism--collective self-esteem would lead people to form more attitude-consistent groups, and more homophilous groups based on minimal grouping cues. In contrast, we hypothesized that self-esteem would lead people to form fewer attitude-consistent groups, and less homophilous groups based on minimal grouping cues. Note: we have not yet formally tested these hypotheses, and so data for this project is not available.