Beliefs of the Decline of the Youth Traits and Age Intelligence. Consistent with previous work, we found evidence that people think, on average, that children today are equally intelligent as children were when they were a child (b0 = -.053, p = .636, 95%CI = -.27 to .165). As people became older, their beliefs did not significantly change about how intelligent children are becoming (b = -.005, p = .096, 95%CI = -.01 to .01). regress ktdsmart agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 2.78 Prob > F = 0.0958 R-squared = 0.0021 Root MSE = 1.594 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdsmart | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | -.0047229 .0028338 -1.67 0.096 -.0102824 .0008365 _cons | -.0525025 .1110459 -0.47 0.636 -.2703573 .1653523 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Respect for Authority. Overall, people believed that children today respect authority less than children did when they were a child (b0 = 1.296, p < .001, 95%CI = 1.495 to 1.097). The older someone gets, the more strongly they believe that children today no longer respect their elders (b = .015, p < .001, 95%CI = .02 to .01). regress ktdrespect agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 35.42 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.0290 Root MSE = 1.3591 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdrespect | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | .0150599 .0025305 5.95 0.000 .0100954 .0200244 _cons | 1.296116 .1013157 12.79 0.000 1.09735 1.494882 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Enjoying Reading. Overall, people believed that children today respect authority markedly less than children did when they were a child (b0 = 1.049, p < .001, 95%CI = 1.255 to .843). As people get older, they believe this even more strongly (b = .015, p < .001, 95%CI = .02 to .01). regress ktdread agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 19.65 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.0154 Root MSE = 1.4822 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdread | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | .0119022 .002685 4.43 0.000 .0066346 .0171699 _cons | 1.048874 .1048591 10.00 0.000 .8431568 1.254592 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ability to Focus on one thing. Overall, people believed that children are a little less able to focus on one thing than they were when they were children (b0 = 1.065, p < .001, 95%CI = 1.281 to .848). As people age, they believe this even more strongly (b = .007, p = .013, 95%CI = .013 to .002). regress ktdfocus agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 6.41 Prob > F = 0.0115 R-squared = 0.0054 Root MSE = 1.5226 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdfocus | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | .0071929 .0028418 2.53 0.011 .0016178 .012768 _cons | 1.064732 .1104279 9.64 0.000 .8480893 1.281374 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ability to Delay Gratification. Children’s ability to delay gratification has been increasing over the past 50 years (Protzko, 2020), meaning, children today are better than they used to be. Are people in touch with this? No. People believe that children today are able to delay gratification less than children were when they were a child (b0 = .846, p < .001, 95%CI = 1.062 to .667). As people became older, the more they believe this to be the case (b = .018, p < .001, 95%CI = .023 to .013). regress ktddog agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 52.30 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.0394 Root MSE = 1.4057 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktddog | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | .0182515 .0025237 7.23 0.000 .0133003 .0232027 _cons | .8641845 .1006127 8.59 0.000 .6667979 1.061571 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Morality. People thought children today are a little less morally good than children were when they were a child (b0 = .936, p < .001, 95%CI = 1.148 to .724). As people age, they become more likely to believe that children today are less moral (b = .009, p = .002, 95%CI = .014 to .003). regress ktdmoral agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 9.87 Prob > F = 0.0017 R-squared = 0.0082 Root MSE = 1.4922 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdmoral | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | -.0086875 .0027648 -3.14 0.002 -.0141116 -.0032633 _cons | -.9357186 .1079924 -8.66 0.000 -1.147583 -.7238541 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ability to Save Money. Overall, people believed that children today were somewhat less able to save money than children were when they were kids (b0 = .567, p < .001, 95%CI = .774 to .36). This belief was stronger the older someone was (b = .017, p < .001, 95%CI = .022 to .012). regress ktdsave agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 39.56 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.0298 Root MSE = 1.4938 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdsave | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | .0167865 .0026689 6.29 0.000 .0115506 .0220224 _cons | .5665482 .105512 5.37 0.000 .35955 .7735465 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Work Ethic. Overall, people believed that children today do not have the work ethic that children had when they were children (b0 = .924, p < .001, 95%CI = 1.146 to .703). The older someone was, the more likely they were to believe kids these days don’t have the work ethic they used to (b = .019, p < .001, 95%CI = .024 to .013). regress ktdwork agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 44.46 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.0380 Root MSE = 1.4657 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdwork | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | .0186836 .0028019 6.67 0.000 .0131866 .0241805 _cons | .9244602 .1128967 8.19 0.000 .7029743 1.145946 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Self-sufficient. Overall, people believed children today are a little less self-sufficient than children were when they were a child (b0 = .737, p < .001, 95%CI = .98 to .494). Furthermore, this belief was stronger among older adults (b = .011, p = .001, 95%CI = .017 to .004). regress ktdsuf agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 10.33 Prob > F = 0.0013 R-squared = 0.0083 Root MSE = 1.7969 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdsuf | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | .0105719 .0032889 3.21 0.001 .0041195 .0170243 _cons | .7371032 .1239746 5.95 0.000 .4938843 .9803222 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Entitled. A coding error in the entitled questions led to participants only being asked whether they believed children today are more entitled, less entitled, or equally entitled as children were when they were children; they were not asked the follow-up to what degree. It is noteworthy, however, that 69% of participants believed children today were becoming more entitled, 25% believed they were equally as entitled, and only 7% of participants believed children today are less entitled (χ²(2) = 60.862, p < .001). Treating the data as continuous anyway shows the same result, people believe children today are more entitled than children were when they were a child (b0 = .484, p < .001, 95%CI = .572 to .395). As people aged, they become more likely to believe that children today are more entitled than they used to be (b = .004, p = .001, 95%CI = .006 to .002). Treating the data as an ordered categorical variable shows the same basic result (b = .014, p = .001, 95%CI = .022 to .006); with the model conforming to the proportional odds assumption (χ²Brant(1) = .055, p = .814; Brant, 1990). Thus, as people age they become more likely to believe children are becoming more entitled. regress ktdentitle agec, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 1, 1262) = 11.33 Prob > F = 0.0008 R-squared = 0.0102 Root MSE = .60453 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdentitle | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | .0039377 .0011696 3.37 0.001 .0016431 .0062324 _cons | .4838223 .0451592 10.71 0.000 .3952269 .5724177 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ologit ktdentitle agec, vce(robust) Iteration 0: log pseudolikelihood = -991.49523 Iteration 1: log pseudolikelihood = -984.878 Iteration 2: log pseudolikelihood = -984.86348 Iteration 3: log pseudolikelihood = -984.86348 Ordered logistic regression Number of obs = 1264 Wald chi2(1) = 11.96 Prob > chi2 = 0.0005 Log pseudolikelihood = -984.86348 Pseudo R2 = 0.0067 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdentitle | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- agec | .0140506 .0040622 3.46 0.001 .006089 .0220123 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- /cut1 | -2.179739 .172161 -2.517169 -1.84231 /cut2 | -.3056206 .1470302 -.5937945 -.0174467 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ oparallel Tests of the parallel regression assumption | Chi2 df P>Chi2 -----------------+---------------------- Wolfe Gould | .0133 1 0.908 Brant | .0554 1 0.814 score | .0219 1 0.882 likelihood ratio | .0219 1 0.882 Wald | .0219 1 0.882 KTD self-sufficiency and entitlement We next investigated whether the kids these days effect could be shown with the negative trait of entitlement. In the pre-registered model, there was not a statistically significant relationship between scores on the self-sufficiency subtest and believing children today are less reliant than children of the past were (β = -.035, p = .178, 95%CI = -.086 to .016). This model was particularly poorly fitting as well (CFI = .699, RMSEA = .059) so we dropped the self-sufficiency term and just test entitlement in isolation. This returned an exceptionally well-fitting model (CFI = 1, RMSEA = 0) and the predicted result. RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error Of Approximation) Estimate 0.059 90 Percent C.I. 0.031 0.092 Probability RMSEA <= .05 0.263 CFI/TLI CFI 0.699 TLI 0.248 STANDARDIZED MODEL RESULTS STDYX Standardization Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDSUF ON SELFSUF -0.035 0.026 -1.347 0.178 KTDENTIT ON ENTITLE -0.047 0.026 -1.833 0.067 KTDENTIT WITH KTDSUF 0.121 0.026 4.584 0.000 Intercepts KTDSUF 0.517 0.055 9.349 0.000 KTDENTITLE 1.073 0.052 20.645 0.000 Residual Variances KTDSUF 0.999 0.002 549.255 0.000 KTDENTITLE 0.998 0.002 409.470 0.000 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF STANDARDIZED MODEL RESULTS STDYX Standardization Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDSUF ON SELFSUF -0.102 -0.086 -0.078 -0.035 0.008 0.016 0.032 KTDENTIT ON ENTITLE -0.114 -0.098 -0.090 -0.047 -0.005 0.003 0.019 KTDENTIT WITH KTDSUF 0.053 0.069 0.078 0.121 0.164 0.173 0.189 Consistent with our proposed biased memory mechanism as to why people who are particularly high or low in a trait believe children today to be deficient in that specific trait, the less entitled someone is no as an adult, the more they believe children today are more entitled than children of the past (β = -.056, p = .029, 95%CI = -.106 to -.006). The corollary is the more entitled someone is, the less they believe children are becoming more entitled. This pattern of results is therefore consistent with what has been observed for ‘positive’ traits. The higher you are on that trait, the less you think children today have it compared to children when you were a child. RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error Of Approximation) Estimate 0.000 90 Percent C.I. 0.000 0.000 Probability RMSEA <= .05 0.000 CFI/TLI CFI 1.000 TLI 1.000 Chi-Square Test of Model Fit for the Baseline Model Value 4.761 Degrees of Freedom 1 P-Value 0.0291 SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) Value 0.000 STANDARDIZED MODEL RESULTS STDYX Standardization Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDENTIT ON ENTITLE -0.056 0.026 -2.187 0.029 Intercepts KTDENTITLE 1.085 0.052 20.822 0.000 Residual Variances KTDENTITLE 0.997 0.003 345.875 0.000 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF STANDARDIZED MODEL RESULTS STDYX Standardization Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDENTIT ON ENTITLE -0.122 -0.106 -0.098 -0.056 -0.014 -0.006 0.010 Intercepts KTDENTIT 0.951 0.983 0.999 1.085 1.170 1.187 1.219 Residual Variances KTDENTIT 0.989 0.991 0.992 0.997 1.002 1.002 1.004 Implicit Theories of Change over the Lifespan Next, we model what would constitute the a path in a typical mediation design. This looks at the relationship of holding different implicit theories of change with age. The possibilities for implicit theories of change were that over the lifespan a trait: increases, decreases, is flat, is U-shaped, declines in the elderly, is parabolic, plateaus in adulthood, declines to a floor in adulthood, and experiences a spike in the elderly (replicating Ross, 1989). Intelligence The modal belief across participants was the intelligence increases throughout the lifespan (23% of participants holding this belief). This belief in increasing intelligence, however, becomes less likely as we age (b = -.002, p = .004, 95%CI = -.004 to -.001). In the elderly, belief in constant intellectual progress is replaced by the growing belief that it is flat across the lifespan (b = .002, p < .001, 95%CI = .003 to .001). Other results show that the implicit theory that intelligence is parabolic likewise decreases across the lifespan (b = -.002, p = .024, 95%CI = -.003 to -.002). Finally, over age, there is a small growing belief that there is a sudden decrease in the elderly (b = .001, p = .043, 95%CI = .002 to < .001 tab changeint Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 348 23.20 23.20 2 | 64 4.27 27.47 3 | 215 14.33 41.80 4 | 86 5.73 47.53 5 | 127 8.47 56.00 6 | 245 16.33 72.33 7 | 255 17.00 89.33 8 | 54 3.60 92.93 9 | 106 7.07 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 regress ktdsmart i.changeint, vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 8, 1255) = 2.42 Prob > F = 0.0134 R-squared = 0.0164 Root MSE = 1.587 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdsmart | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- changeint | 2 | .1908794 .2701812 0.71 0.480 -.3391772 .720936 3 | .1427933 .1294391 1.10 0.270 -.1111477 .3967342 4 | -.2584213 .2538034 -1.02 0.309 -.756347 .2395044 5 | .4154248 .1878217 2.21 0.027 .0469456 .7839041 6 | .0729949 .1469078 0.50 0.619 -.215217 .3612068 7 | .3643137 .1359615 2.68 0.007 .0975768 .6310507 8 | .2867292 .2802644 1.02 0.306 -.2631093 .8365676 9 | .6138156 .2050948 2.99 0.003 .2114492 1.016182 | _cons | -.3954248 .088803 -4.45 0.000 -.5696436 -.2212061 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Holding the belief that there is no change in intelligence, a belief which itself becomes the most common as we age into the elderly, corresponds to believing children today are equally intelligent as children were when participants were a child (b0 = .082, p = .671). People who believe that intelligence spikes upwards in adulthood, however, were more likely to believe that children today are becoming less intelligent (b = .455, p = .028, 95%CI = .848 to .036). All other beliefs in implicit change did not show a belief that children were becoming more or less intelligent (all ps > .089). MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDSMART ON INT1 -0.179 0.132 -1.357 0.175 INT2 0.028 0.275 0.104 0.917 INT4 -0.435 0.256 -1.700 0.089 INT5 0.267 0.192 1.391 0.164 INT6 -0.106 0.153 -0.694 0.488 INT7 0.205 0.139 1.471 0.141 INT8 0.109 0.283 0.386 0.699 INT9 0.455 0.207 2.202 0.028 AGE -0.006 0.003 -2.048 0.041 INT1 ON AGE -0.012 0.004 -2.840 0.005 INT2 ON AGE 0.002 0.010 0.237 0.812 INT4 ON AGE -0.008 0.009 -0.952 0.341 INT5 ON AGE 0.013 0.007 1.983 0.047 INT6 ON AGE -0.011 0.005 -2.256 0.024 INT7 ON AGE 0.005 0.005 1.090 0.276 INT8 ON AGE -0.008 0.008 -1.009 0.313 INT9 ON AGE 0.005 0.008 0.647 0.518 Intercepts KTDSMART 0.082 0.194 0.425 0.671 Thresholds INT1$1 0.510 0.229 2.229 0.026 INT2$1 3.442 0.533 6.461 0.000 INT4$1 2.729 0.459 5.940 0.000 INT5$1 3.174 0.385 8.252 0.000 INT6$1 1.013 0.263 3.854 0.000 INT7$1 1.794 0.255 7.026 0.000 INT8$1 2.841 0.450 6.311 0.000 INT9$1 2.868 0.427 6.717 0.000 Residual Variances KTDSMART 2.492 0.093 26.899 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD1 0.429 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.183 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD4 0.199 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD5 0.270 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD6 0.375 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD7 0.383 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD8 0.187 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD9 0.253 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.545 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.019 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.079 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.232 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.384 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.177 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.072 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.077 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 ********* 0.000 ADJA1REA -0.104 0.036 -2.878 0.004 ADJA1REA 0.019 0.082 0.238 0.812 ADJA1REA -0.070 0.073 -0.952 0.341 ADJA1REA 0.114 0.058 1.987 0.047 ADJA1REA -0.096 0.043 -2.252 0.024 ADJA1REA 0.043 0.039 1.092 0.275 ADJA1REA -0.072 0.072 -1.009 0.313 ADJA1REA 0.042 0.066 0.647 0.517 ADJB1REA -0.042 0.031 -1.362 0.173 ADJB1REA 0.003 0.028 0.104 0.917 ADJB1REA -0.048 0.028 -1.706 0.088 ADJB1REA 0.040 0.028 1.396 0.163 ADJB1REA -0.022 0.032 -0.695 0.487 ADJB1REA 0.043 0.029 1.475 0.140 ADJB1REA 0.011 0.029 0.387 0.699 ADJB1REA 0.063 0.029 2.214 0.027 ADJINDRE 0.004 0.004 1.166 0.243 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.002 0.024 0.981 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.004 0.745 0.456 ADJINDRE 0.005 0.004 1.052 0.293 ADJINDRE 0.002 0.003 0.619 0.536 ADJINDRE 0.002 0.002 0.759 0.448 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.003 -0.254 0.799 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.005 0.559 0.576 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDSMART ON INT1 -0.521 -0.436 -0.395 -0.179 0.040 0.078 0.162 INT2 -0.668 -0.512 -0.420 0.028 0.469 0.563 0.732 INT4 -1.104 -0.935 -0.847 -0.435 -0.013 0.071 0.219 INT5 -0.226 -0.121 -0.055 0.267 0.579 0.641 0.746 INT6 -0.500 -0.407 -0.358 -0.106 0.144 0.196 0.287 INT7 -0.153 -0.071 -0.029 0.205 0.431 0.475 0.553 INT8 -0.638 -0.443 -0.357 0.109 0.579 0.662 0.822 INT9 -0.097 0.036 0.096 0.455 0.783 0.848 0.993 AGE -0.013 -0.012 -0.011 -0.006 -0.001 0.000 0.001 INT1 ON AGE -0.023 -0.021 -0.019 -0.012 -0.005 -0.004 -0.001 INT2 ON AGE -0.022 -0.015 -0.013 0.002 0.019 0.022 0.030 INT4 ON AGE -0.030 -0.025 -0.022 -0.008 0.006 0.009 0.014 INT5 ON AGE -0.004 0.000 0.002 0.013 0.024 0.027 0.031 INT6 ON AGE -0.024 -0.021 -0.019 -0.011 -0.003 -0.002 0.001 INT7 ON AGE -0.007 -0.004 -0.003 0.005 0.013 0.014 0.017 INT8 ON AGE -0.031 -0.025 -0.022 -0.008 0.005 0.008 0.013 INT9 ON AGE -0.015 -0.010 -0.008 0.005 0.018 0.020 0.025 Intercepts KTDSMART -0.400 -0.291 -0.230 0.082 0.412 0.476 0.580 Thresholds INT1$1 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510 INT2$1 3.442 3.442 3.442 3.442 3.442 3.442 3.442 INT4$1 2.729 2.729 2.729 2.729 2.729 2.729 2.729 INT5$1 3.174 3.174 3.174 3.174 3.174 3.174 3.174 INT6$1 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.013 INT7$1 1.794 1.794 1.794 1.794 1.794 1.794 1.794 INT8$1 2.841 2.841 2.841 2.841 2.841 2.841 2.841 INT9$1 2.868 2.868 2.868 2.868 2.868 2.868 2.868 Residual Variances KTDSMART 2.279 2.332 2.362 2.492 2.666 2.696 2.765 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 15.589 15.589 15.589 15.589 15.589 15.589 SDMREAD1 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 SDMREAD2 0.183 0.183 0.183 0.183 0.183 0.183 0.183 SDMREAD4 0.199 0.199 0.199 0.199 0.199 0.199 0.199 SDMREAD5 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270 SDMREAD6 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375 SDMREAD7 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 0.383 SDMREAD8 0.187 0.187 0.187 0.187 0.187 0.187 0.187 SDMREAD9 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 COVXMREA -0.545 -0.545 -0.545 -0.545 -0.545 -0.545 -0.545 COVXMREA 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 COVXMREA -0.079 -0.079 -0.079 -0.079 -0.079 -0.079 -0.079 COVXMREA 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.232 COVXMREA -0.384 -0.384 -0.384 -0.384 -0.384 -0.384 -0.384 COVXMREA 0.177 0.177 0.177 0.177 0.177 0.177 0.177 COVXMREA -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 -0.072 COVXMREA 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.077 PI 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 ADJA1REA -0.196 -0.174 -0.162 -0.104 -0.044 -0.032 -0.007 ADJA1REA -0.188 -0.132 -0.108 0.019 0.159 0.189 0.251 ADJA1REA -0.260 -0.215 -0.190 -0.070 0.051 0.075 0.122 ADJA1REA -0.037 0.001 0.021 0.114 0.208 0.228 0.263 ADJA1REA -0.208 -0.180 -0.166 -0.096 -0.026 -0.014 0.011 ADJA1REA -0.059 -0.034 -0.021 0.043 0.107 0.120 0.143 ADJA1REA -0.260 -0.215 -0.191 -0.072 0.044 0.069 0.115 ADJA1REA -0.129 -0.087 -0.066 0.042 0.151 0.174 0.215 ADJB1REA -0.122 -0.102 -0.093 -0.042 0.010 0.018 0.038 ADJB1REA -0.067 -0.052 -0.042 0.003 0.047 0.057 0.074 ADJB1REA -0.120 -0.102 -0.092 -0.048 -0.002 0.008 0.024 ADJB1REA -0.034 -0.018 -0.008 0.040 0.086 0.095 0.110 ADJB1REA -0.103 -0.084 -0.074 -0.022 0.030 0.040 0.059 ADJB1REA -0.032 -0.015 -0.006 0.043 0.090 0.100 0.116 ADJB1REA -0.066 -0.046 -0.037 0.011 0.060 0.068 0.084 ADJB1REA -0.013 0.005 0.014 0.063 0.108 0.117 0.137 ADJINDRE -0.003 -0.001 0.000 0.004 0.013 0.014 0.017 ADJINDRE -0.007 -0.004 -0.003 0.000 0.004 0.006 0.009 ADJINDRE -0.005 -0.002 -0.001 0.003 0.015 0.018 0.023 ADJINDRE -0.003 -0.001 0.000 0.005 0.015 0.017 0.022 ADJINDRE -0.005 -0.003 -0.002 0.002 0.010 0.011 0.015 ADJINDRE -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.010 0.013 ADJINDRE -0.017 -0.012 -0.009 -0.001 0.002 0.003 0.005 ADJINDRE -0.008 -0.004 -0.003 0.003 0.013 0.016 0.022 Respect for Authority The most common belief was that respect for authority increases linearly as you age (22%, which did not significantly change over age (p = .147)). The only significant change in implicit theories was with age there was an increase in believing respect for authority is stable through life until elderly where there is an upward spike (b = .001, p = .028, 95%CI = .003 to < .001). Holding the belief that respect for authority is constant across the lifespan was related to believing that children today do not respect their elders like they used to (b0 = .635, p < .001). Interestingly, this fixed belief was associated with the weakest belief. All other implicit theories of change were related to holding a stronger belief. Therefore, belief that respect for authority changes throughout the lifespan, regardless of that change, is related to holding even stronger beliefs that children are in decline. Specific results are as follows: respect increases (b = .375, p = .008, 95%CI = .648 to .103); respect decreases (b = .636, p = .001, 95%CI = 1.004 to .245); respect is U-shaped (b = .458, p = .003, 95%CI = .759 to .143); respect declines in the elderly (b = .444, p = .018, 95%CI = .797 to .067); respect is parabolic (b = .418, p = .036, 95%CI = .799 to .014); respect plateaus in adulthood (b = .309, p = .035, 95%CI = .59 to .014); respect declines to an adulthood floor (b = .573, p = .004, 95%CI = .957 to .162); respect spikes in the elderly (b = .55, p < .001, 95%CI = .83 to .257). . tab changerespect Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 304 20.27 20.27 2 | 107 7.13 27.40 3 | 193 12.87 40.27 4 | 184 12.27 52.53 5 | 117 7.80 60.33 6 | 107 7.13 67.47 7 | 196 13.07 80.53 8 | 75 5.00 85.53 9 | 217 14.47 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 KTDRESPECT 1.815 -0.951 -3.000 1.03% 0.000 2.000 2.000 1264.000 1.899 0.193 3.000 46.36% 3.000 3.000 MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDRESPECT ON RESPECT1 0.375 0.141 2.658 0.008 RESPECT2 0.636 0.191 3.323 0.001 RESPECT4 0.458 0.155 2.953 0.003 RESPECT5 0.444 0.187 2.372 0.018 RESPECT6 0.418 0.199 2.093 0.036 RESPECT7 0.309 0.146 2.109 0.035 RESPECT8 0.573 0.201 2.851 0.004 RESPECT9 0.550 0.146 3.765 0.000 AGE 0.015 0.002 6.061 0.000 RESPECT1 ON AGE -0.006 0.004 -1.439 0.150 RESPECT2 ON AGE -0.011 0.007 -1.565 0.118 RESPECT4 ON AGE 0.002 0.006 0.300 0.764 RESPECT5 ON AGE 0.006 0.007 0.788 0.431 RESPECT6 ON AGE 0.001 0.008 0.155 0.877 RESPECT7 ON AGE -0.003 0.005 -0.599 0.549 RESPECT8 ON AGE -0.005 0.008 -0.606 0.544 RESPECT9 ON AGE 0.011 0.005 2.154 0.031 Intercepts KTDRESPECT 0.635 0.172 3.698 0.000 Thresholds RESPECT1$1 0.962 0.236 4.078 0.000 RESPECT2$1 2.092 0.378 5.528 0.000 RESPECT4$1 2.048 0.306 6.693 0.000 RESPECT5$1 2.851 0.407 7.010 0.000 RESPECT6$1 2.856 0.435 6.574 0.000 RESPECT7$1 1.635 0.289 5.663 0.000 RESPECT8$1 2.754 0.450 6.123 0.000 RESPECT9$1 2.325 0.285 8.154 0.000 Residual Variances KTDRESPECT 1.814 0.075 24.207 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD1 0.412 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.246 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD4 0.329 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD5 0.260 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD6 0.233 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD7 0.349 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD8 0.211 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD9 0.356 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.260 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.167 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.044 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.094 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.016 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.095 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.055 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.330 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 ********* 0.000 ADJA1REA -0.054 0.037 -1.447 0.148 ADJA1REA -0.096 0.062 -1.566 0.117 ADJA1REA 0.014 0.048 0.301 0.764 ADJA1REA 0.050 0.063 0.789 0.430 ADJA1REA 0.011 0.068 0.155 0.876 ADJA1REA -0.028 0.046 -0.599 0.549 ADJA1REA -0.043 0.072 -0.607 0.544 ADJA1REA 0.093 0.043 2.157 0.031 ADJB1REA 0.084 0.031 2.679 0.007 ADJB1REA 0.085 0.025 3.348 0.001 ADJB1REA 0.082 0.028 2.976 0.003 ADJB1REA 0.063 0.026 2.383 0.017 ADJB1REA 0.053 0.025 2.100 0.036 ADJB1REA 0.059 0.028 2.119 0.034 ADJB1REA 0.066 0.023 2.864 0.004 ADJB1REA 0.106 0.028 3.812 0.000 ADJINDRE -0.005 0.004 -1.202 0.229 ADJINDRE -0.008 0.006 -1.369 0.171 ADJINDRE 0.001 0.004 0.286 0.775 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.005 0.693 0.489 ADJINDRE 0.001 0.004 0.137 0.891 ADJINDRE -0.002 0.003 -0.525 0.600 ADJINDRE -0.003 0.005 -0.572 0.567 ADJINDRE 0.010 0.005 1.841 0.066 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDRESPE ON RESPECT1 0.018 0.103 0.143 0.375 0.606 0.648 0.745 RESPECT2 0.126 0.245 0.315 0.636 0.945 1.004 1.116 RESPECT4 0.049 0.143 0.199 0.458 0.711 0.759 0.855 RESPECT5 -0.052 0.067 0.131 0.444 0.742 0.797 0.925 RESPECT6 -0.118 0.014 0.076 0.418 0.735 0.799 0.930 RESPECT7 -0.073 0.014 0.063 0.309 0.546 0.590 0.677 RESPECT8 0.018 0.162 0.235 0.573 0.898 0.957 1.066 RESPECT9 0.167 0.257 0.304 0.550 0.782 0.830 0.932 AGE 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.015 0.019 0.020 0.022 RESPECT1 ON AGE -0.017 -0.015 -0.014 -0.006 0.001 0.002 0.005 RESPECT2 ON AGE -0.030 -0.025 -0.023 -0.011 0.001 0.003 0.008 RESPECT4 ON AGE -0.013 -0.009 -0.007 0.002 0.011 0.013 0.016 RESPECT5 ON AGE -0.013 -0.008 -0.006 0.006 0.018 0.021 0.025 RESPECT6 ON AGE -0.020 -0.014 -0.012 0.001 0.014 0.017 0.021 RESPECT7 ON AGE -0.017 -0.014 -0.012 -0.003 0.006 0.007 0.011 RESPECT8 ON AGE -0.027 -0.022 -0.019 -0.005 0.008 0.011 0.016 RESPECT9 ON AGE -0.002 0.001 0.003 0.011 0.019 0.021 0.024 Intercepts KTDRESPECT 0.190 0.297 0.353 0.635 0.915 0.966 1.073 Thresholds RESPECT1$1 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.962 0.962 RESPECT2$1 2.092 2.092 2.092 2.092 2.092 2.092 2.092 RESPECT4$1 2.048 2.048 2.048 2.048 2.048 2.048 2.048 RESPECT5$1 2.851 2.851 2.851 2.851 2.851 2.851 2.851 RESPECT6$1 2.856 2.856 2.856 2.856 2.856 2.856 2.856 RESPECT7$1 1.635 1.635 1.635 1.635 1.635 1.635 1.635 RESPECT8$1 2.754 2.754 2.754 2.754 2.754 2.754 2.754 RESPECT9$1 2.325 2.325 2.325 2.325 2.325 2.325 2.325 Residual Variances KTDRESPECT 1.640 1.684 1.707 1.814 1.958 1.983 2.032 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 15.589 15.589 15.589 15.589 15.589 15.589 SDMREAD1 0.412 0.412 0.412 0.412 0.412 0.412 0.412 SDMREAD2 0.246 0.246 0.246 0.246 0.246 0.246 0.246 SDMREAD4 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 SDMREAD5 0.260 0.260 0.260 0.260 0.260 0.260 0.260 SDMREAD6 0.233 0.233 0.233 0.233 0.233 0.233 0.233 SDMREAD7 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 SDMREAD8 0.211 0.211 0.211 0.211 0.211 0.211 0.211 SDMREAD9 0.356 0.356 0.356 0.356 0.356 0.356 0.356 COVXMREA -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 -0.260 COVXMREA -0.167 -0.167 -0.167 -0.167 -0.167 -0.167 -0.167 COVXMREA 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 COVXMREA 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 0.094 COVXMREA 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 COVXMREA -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 -0.095 COVXMREA -0.055 -0.055 -0.055 -0.055 -0.055 -0.055 -0.055 COVXMREA 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 0.330 PI 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 ADJA1REA -0.149 -0.128 -0.116 -0.054 0.008 0.019 0.042 ADJA1REA -0.257 -0.217 -0.197 -0.096 0.005 0.023 0.065 ADJA1REA -0.109 -0.080 -0.064 0.014 0.092 0.108 0.141 ADJA1REA -0.108 -0.073 -0.053 0.050 0.156 0.177 0.211 ADJA1REA -0.170 -0.123 -0.102 0.011 0.122 0.143 0.181 ADJA1REA -0.149 -0.120 -0.104 -0.028 0.048 0.061 0.092 ADJA1REA -0.235 -0.189 -0.164 -0.043 0.072 0.095 0.141 ADJA1REA -0.016 0.009 0.023 0.093 0.164 0.179 0.206 ADJB1REA 0.004 0.023 0.032 0.084 0.135 0.145 0.165 ADJB1REA 0.017 0.033 0.042 0.085 0.126 0.134 0.149 ADJB1REA 0.009 0.026 0.036 0.082 0.127 0.135 0.152 ADJB1REA -0.007 0.010 0.019 0.063 0.105 0.113 0.130 ADJB1REA -0.015 0.002 0.010 0.053 0.093 0.101 0.118 ADJB1REA -0.014 0.003 0.012 0.059 0.104 0.112 0.128 ADJB1REA 0.002 0.019 0.027 0.066 0.103 0.110 0.122 ADJB1REA 0.033 0.050 0.059 0.106 0.150 0.159 0.178 ADJINDRE -0.019 -0.015 -0.013 -0.005 0.000 0.001 0.003 ADJINDRE -0.029 -0.024 -0.021 -0.008 -0.001 0.001 0.004 ADJINDRE -0.010 -0.007 -0.005 0.001 0.008 0.010 0.014 ADJINDRE -0.007 -0.004 -0.002 0.003 0.013 0.015 0.020 ADJINDRE -0.009 -0.006 -0.005 0.001 0.009 0.011 0.016 ADJINDRE -0.014 -0.010 -0.008 -0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 ADJINDRE -0.020 -0.015 -0.013 -0.003 0.004 0.006 0.010 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.001 0.003 0.010 0.021 0.023 0.028 Enjoying Reading Across all ages, the most common implicit theory of change for enjoying reading across the lifespan was stability (19%, which did not change over age (p = .897)). As people ages, they were less likely to believe enjoyment of reading declined (b = -.001, p = .042, 95%CI = -.001 to < .001) or that if followed the 2nd most popular belief, following a U-shaped pattern (b = -.001, p = .035, 95%CI = -.032 to -.001) and less likely to endorse the linear decline (b = -.01, p = .033, 95%CI = -.003 to <-.001). These declines were replaced with an increasing belief with ageing that there is a sudden increase in enjoying reading in the elderly (b = .001, p = .02, 95%CI = .002 to <.001). Holding the belief that enjoyment of reading was flat throughout the lifespan, the most common implicit theory, is related to believing that children no longer like to read (b0 = .705, p < .001, 95%CI = 1.04 to .373). Holding any other implicit theory corresponds to the same strength of belief that children no longer like to read (all ps > .097). . tab changeread Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 226 15.07 15.07 2 | 73 4.87 19.93 3 | 273 18.20 38.13 4 | 229 15.27 53.40 5 | 104 6.93 60.33 6 | 119 7.93 68.27 7 | 226 15.07 83.33 8 | 83 5.53 88.87 9 | 167 11.13 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 regress ktdread i.changeread , vce(robust) Linear regression Number of obs = 1264 F( 8, 1255) = 0.69 Prob > F = 0.7002 R-squared = 0.0043 Root MSE = 1.4947 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Robust ktdread | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- changeread | 2 | -.0682618 .2449474 -0.28 0.781 -.5488133 .4122898 3 | -.2300328 .133393 -1.72 0.085 -.4917306 .031665 4 | -.0725258 .1472372 -0.49 0.622 -.3613841 .2163325 5 | .0221503 .1965297 0.11 0.910 -.3634127 .4077133 6 | -.2141783 .1961748 -1.09 0.275 -.599045 .1706884 7 | -.1430602 .1424404 -1.00 0.315 -.4225079 .1363874 8 | .027927 .2161543 0.13 0.897 -.3961367 .4519906 9 | .0174727 .1641192 0.11 0.915 -.3045055 .3394509 | _cons | 1.55102 .0977548 15.87 0.000 1.359239 1.742801 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDREAD ON READ1 0.218 0.131 1.657 0.097 READ2 0.205 0.243 0.847 0.397 READ4 0.182 0.141 1.288 0.198 READ5 0.219 0.197 1.111 0.267 READ6 0.024 0.189 0.128 0.898 READ7 0.089 0.135 0.657 0.511 READ8 0.262 0.215 1.223 0.221 READ9 0.213 0.158 1.349 0.177 AGE 0.012 0.003 4.373 0.000 READ1 ON AGE 0.005 0.005 0.844 0.398 READ2 ON AGE -0.016 0.008 -2.054 0.040 READ4 ON AGE -0.010 0.005 -2.129 0.033 READ5 ON AGE 0.012 0.008 1.469 0.142 READ6 ON AGE -0.004 0.007 -0.547 0.584 READ7 ON AGE -0.001 0.005 -0.258 0.797 READ8 ON AGE -0.002 0.008 -0.285 0.776 READ9 ON AGE 0.013 0.006 2.258 0.024 Intercepts KTDREAD 0.705 0.170 4.157 0.000 Thresholds READ1$1 1.938 0.301 6.441 0.000 READ2$1 2.204 0.413 5.342 0.000 READ4$1 1.218 0.262 4.642 0.000 READ5$1 3.327 0.475 7.005 0.000 READ6$1 2.317 0.367 6.305 0.000 READ7$1 1.600 0.266 6.020 0.000 READ8$1 2.941 0.414 7.095 0.000 READ9$1 2.743 0.333 8.225 0.000 Residual Variances KTDREAD 2.185 0.091 24.055 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD1 0.362 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.209 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD4 0.354 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD5 0.246 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD6 0.264 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD7 0.366 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD8 0.208 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD9 0.320 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.145 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.176 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.320 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.178 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.063 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.041 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.023 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.321 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 ********* 0.000 ADJA1REA 0.039 0.046 0.849 0.396 ADJA1REA -0.141 0.069 -2.057 0.040 ADJA1REA -0.090 0.042 -2.133 0.033 ADJA1REA 0.105 0.072 1.471 0.141 ADJA1REA -0.032 0.058 -0.548 0.584 ADJA1REA -0.011 0.042 -0.258 0.796 ADJA1REA -0.018 0.065 -0.285 0.775 ADJA1REA 0.113 0.050 2.259 0.024 ADJB1REA 0.043 0.026 1.663 0.096 ADJB1REA 0.024 0.028 0.848 0.396 ADJB1REA 0.035 0.027 1.291 0.197 ADJB1REA 0.030 0.027 1.113 0.266 ADJB1REA 0.004 0.027 0.129 0.898 ADJB1REA 0.018 0.027 0.658 0.511 ADJB1REA 0.030 0.024 1.226 0.220 ADJB1REA 0.037 0.028 1.353 0.176 ADJINDRE 0.002 0.003 0.675 0.500 ADJINDRE -0.003 0.005 -0.690 0.490 ADJINDRE -0.003 0.003 -1.019 0.308 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.004 0.837 0.402 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.002 -0.063 0.950 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.001 -0.139 0.889 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.003 -0.215 0.830 ADJINDRE 0.004 0.004 1.080 0.280 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDREAD ON READ1 -0.117 -0.044 -0.001 0.218 0.433 0.470 0.550 READ2 -0.471 -0.310 -0.224 0.205 0.581 0.646 0.781 READ4 -0.200 -0.102 -0.055 0.182 0.407 0.447 0.532 READ5 -0.292 -0.174 -0.111 0.219 0.531 0.583 0.697 READ6 -0.488 -0.354 -0.291 0.024 0.327 0.386 0.511 READ7 -0.265 -0.185 -0.139 0.089 0.304 0.348 0.425 READ8 -0.342 -0.182 -0.110 0.262 0.597 0.663 0.790 READ9 -0.198 -0.104 -0.056 0.213 0.465 0.512 0.607 AGE 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.012 0.016 0.017 0.019 READ1 ON AGE -0.009 -0.006 -0.004 0.005 0.014 0.015 0.019 READ2 ON AGE -0.038 -0.032 -0.029 -0.016 -0.003 -0.001 0.004 READ4 ON AGE -0.023 -0.020 -0.019 -0.010 -0.003 -0.001 0.002 READ5 ON AGE -0.009 -0.004 -0.001 0.012 0.026 0.029 0.035 READ6 ON AGE -0.022 -0.017 -0.015 -0.004 0.007 0.009 0.013 READ7 ON AGE -0.014 -0.011 -0.009 -0.001 0.007 0.008 0.011 READ8 ON AGE -0.021 -0.017 -0.014 -0.002 0.010 0.013 0.018 READ9 ON AGE -0.002 0.002 0.004 0.013 0.023 0.025 0.029 Intercepts KTDREAD 0.265 0.373 0.428 0.705 0.986 1.040 1.141 Ability to Focus The most common implicit theory was that ability to focus on just one thing shows a parabolic trajectory over the life course (24%), increasing through childhood into adulthood but then worsening as we turn elderly (with no change over age: p = .227). While there were a number of implicit theories that showed non-significant decreases over age, as people aged they believed a sudden decrease in the elderly’s ability to focus occurred (b = .001, p = .035, 95%CI = .003 to < .001). Holding the belief that the ability to focus on one thing is fixed across the lifespan is related to believing children today cannot focus on just one thing like they used to (b0 = .671, p = .001, 95%CI = 1.072 to .264). This was true for all other implicit theories except for believing the ability to focus is parabolic across the lifespan (all other ps > .079). Those who believe that the ability to focus is parabolic hold even stronger views that children cannot today cannot focus as well as children of the past (b = .384, p = .015, 95%CI = .693 to .074). . tab change_focus Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 165 11.00 11.00 2 | 118 7.87 18.87 3 | 163 10.87 29.73 4 | 103 6.87 36.60 5 | 188 12.53 49.13 6 | 343 22.87 72.00 7 | 223 14.87 86.87 8 | 92 6.13 93.00 9 | 105 7.00 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDFOCUS ON FOCUS1 0.083 0.189 0.437 0.662 FOCUS2 0.379 0.219 1.728 0.084 FOCUS4 0.315 0.210 1.503 0.133 FOCUS5 0.320 0.183 1.749 0.080 FOCUS6 0.384 0.159 2.423 0.015 FOCUS7 0.282 0.168 1.677 0.094 FOCUS8 0.272 0.221 1.232 0.218 FOCUS9 0.321 0.233 1.379 0.168 AGE 0.007 0.003 2.496 0.013 FOCUS1 ON AGE 0.001 0.006 0.230 0.818 FOCUS2 ON AGE -0.009 0.006 -1.391 0.164 FOCUS4 ON AGE -0.014 0.008 -1.700 0.089 FOCUS5 ON AGE 0.012 0.006 2.064 0.039 FOCUS6 ON AGE -0.001 0.004 -0.195 0.845 FOCUS7 ON AGE 0.000 0.005 -0.016 0.987 FOCUS8 ON AGE 0.007 0.008 0.917 0.359 FOCUS9 ON AGE 0.007 0.007 1.082 0.279 Intercepts KTDFOCUS 0.671 0.205 3.278 0.001 Thresholds FOCUS1$1 2.197 0.334 6.588 0.000 FOCUS2$1 2.042 0.341 5.991 0.000 FOCUS4$1 2.082 0.431 4.834 0.000 FOCUS5$1 2.528 0.320 7.891 0.000 FOCUS6$1 1.108 0.224 4.944 0.000 FOCUS7$1 1.679 0.275 6.111 0.000 FOCUS8$1 3.110 0.433 7.189 0.000 FOCUS9$1 3.043 0.382 7.962 0.000 Residual Variances KTDFOCUS 2.298 0.090 25.473 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD1 0.309 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.265 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD4 0.232 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD5 0.336 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD6 0.428 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD7 0.364 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD8 0.239 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD9 0.248 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.032 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.152 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.187 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.316 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.035 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.003 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.097 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.108 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 ********* 0.000 ADJA1REA 0.012 0.052 0.231 0.818 ADJA1REA -0.076 0.055 -1.394 0.163 ADJA1REA -0.122 0.072 -1.702 0.089 ADJA1REA 0.100 0.049 2.066 0.039 ADJA1REA -0.007 0.035 -0.195 0.845 ADJA1REA -0.001 0.043 -0.016 0.987 ADJA1REA 0.061 0.066 0.918 0.359 ADJA1REA 0.063 0.058 1.084 0.278 ADJB1REA 0.014 0.032 0.437 0.662 ADJB1REA 0.055 0.032 1.736 0.083 ADJB1REA 0.040 0.027 1.508 0.132 ADJB1REA 0.059 0.034 1.759 0.079 ADJB1REA 0.090 0.037 2.448 0.014 ADJB1REA 0.056 0.033 1.686 0.092 ADJB1REA 0.036 0.029 1.235 0.217 ADJB1REA 0.044 0.032 1.384 0.166 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.002 0.091 0.928 ADJINDRE -0.004 0.004 -1.042 0.297 ADJINDRE -0.005 0.005 -1.030 0.303 ADJINDRE 0.006 0.005 1.262 0.207 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.003 -0.181 0.857 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.003 -0.014 0.989 ADJINDRE 0.002 0.003 0.647 0.517 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.004 0.689 0.491 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDFOCUS ON FOCUS1 -0.409 -0.293 -0.230 0.083 0.390 0.451 0.558 FOCUS2 -0.185 -0.051 0.019 0.379 0.739 0.806 0.932 FOCUS4 -0.236 -0.091 -0.027 0.315 0.663 0.728 0.853 FOCUS5 -0.160 -0.046 0.008 0.320 0.612 0.671 0.779 FOCUS6 -0.029 0.074 0.124 0.384 0.647 0.693 0.793 FOCUS7 -0.153 -0.049 0.006 0.282 0.563 0.612 0.713 FOCUS8 -0.346 -0.179 -0.099 0.272 0.625 0.691 0.820 FOCUS9 -0.299 -0.145 -0.078 0.321 0.688 0.757 0.903 AGE 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.012 0.013 0.014 FOCUS1 ON AGE -0.014 -0.010 -0.009 0.001 0.012 0.013 0.017 FOCUS2 ON AGE -0.025 -0.022 -0.020 -0.009 0.001 0.003 0.007 FOCUS4 ON AGE -0.036 -0.031 -0.028 -0.014 0.000 0.002 0.007 FOCUS5 ON AGE -0.002 0.001 0.002 0.012 0.021 0.023 0.027 FOCUS6 ON AGE -0.011 -0.009 -0.008 -0.001 0.006 0.007 0.009 FOCUS7 ON AGE -0.013 -0.010 -0.008 0.000 0.008 0.010 0.013 FOCUS8 ON AGE -0.012 -0.008 -0.005 0.007 0.020 0.023 0.028 FOCUS9 ON AGE -0.010 -0.006 -0.004 0.007 0.018 0.020 0.025 Intercepts KTDFOCUS 0.140 0.264 0.328 0.671 1.001 1.072 1.206 Delaying Gratification The most common implicit theories about the ability to delay gratification were either that it increased throughout the lifespan (19%) or that increased through childhood and plateaued for the rest of life (19%); neither of these beliefs showed any change over age (p = .507 & .426, respectively). What did change was as people are older they are less likely to believe the ability to delay gratification is unchanging throughout life (b = -.002, p = .002, 95%CI = -.003 to -.001), being replaced by an increasing belief that there is a sudden spike in the ederly (b = .002, p = .001, 95%CI = .003 to .001). Believing morality is fixed across the lifespan, the model response, was related to believing that children today are less moral than children of the past were (b0 = .463, p = .006, 95%CI = .796 to .138). This fixed belief was also the most moderate of all of the beliefs in the improvement of the youth. While holding the belief that morality increases until a plateau in adulthood was not statistically different (b = -.027, p = .831), holding all other implicit theories of change was related to believing even stronger that children today are less moral than children of the past. Specific results are as follows: morality increases (b = .366, p = .007, 95%CI = .63 to .1); morality decreases (b = .577, p = .005, 95%CI = .978 to .175); morality is U-shaped (b = .395, p = .01, 95%CI = .692 to .091); morality declines in the elderly (b = .532, p = .008, 95%CI = .928 to .136); morality is parabolic (b = .371, p = .044, 95%CI = .721 to .009); morality declines to an adulthood floor (b = .638, p = .001, 95%CI = .998 to .264); morality spikes in the elderly (b = .401 p = .013, 95%CI = .702 to .078). . tab changedog Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 269 17.93 17.93 2 | 82 5.47 23.40 3 | 169 11.27 34.67 4 | 130 8.67 43.33 5 | 115 7.67 51.00 6 | 182 12.13 63.13 7 | 260 17.33 80.47 8 | 96 6.40 86.87 9 | 197 13.13 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDDOG ON DOG1 0.492 0.151 3.259 0.001 DOG2 0.536 0.209 2.568 0.010 DOG4 0.025 0.206 0.123 0.902 DOG5 0.052 0.214 0.242 0.809 DOG6 0.113 0.168 0.673 0.501 DOG7 0.432 0.154 2.812 0.005 DOG8 0.345 0.206 1.674 0.094 DOG9 0.342 0.159 2.149 0.032 AGE 0.018 0.003 6.814 0.000 DOG1 ON AGE 0.003 0.004 0.655 0.513 DOG2 ON AGE 0.002 0.008 0.216 0.829 DOG4 ON AGE -0.004 0.007 -0.601 0.548 DOG5 ON AGE -0.002 0.006 -0.303 0.762 DOG6 ON AGE 0.001 0.006 0.125 0.901 DOG7 ON AGE -0.004 0.005 -0.798 0.425 DOG8 ON AGE 0.000 0.008 0.003 0.998 DOG9 ON AGE 0.018 0.006 3.156 0.002 Intercepts KTDDOG 0.285 0.172 1.655 0.098 Thresholds DOG1$1 1.600 0.248 6.463 0.000 DOG2$1 2.979 0.465 6.410 0.000 DOG4$1 2.412 0.376 6.412 0.000 DOG5$1 2.435 0.340 7.150 0.000 DOG6$1 1.989 0.302 6.597 0.000 DOG7$1 1.293 0.253 5.121 0.000 DOG8$1 2.793 0.459 6.088 0.000 DOG9$1 2.771 0.328 8.461 0.000 Residual Variances KTDDOG 1.936 0.075 25.984 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD1 0.393 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.224 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD4 0.251 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD5 0.261 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD6 0.330 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD7 0.388 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD8 0.233 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD9 0.349 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.110 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.022 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.064 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.031 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.018 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.136 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.000 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.516 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 ********* 0.000 ADJA1REA 0.025 0.038 0.657 0.511 ADJA1REA 0.016 0.073 0.216 0.829 ADJA1REA -0.036 0.060 -0.601 0.548 ADJA1REA -0.016 0.053 -0.303 0.762 ADJA1REA 0.006 0.047 0.125 0.901 ADJA1REA -0.032 0.040 -0.799 0.424 ADJA1REA 0.000 0.072 0.003 0.998 ADJA1REA 0.154 0.049 3.157 0.002 ADJB1REA 0.105 0.032 3.296 0.001 ADJB1REA 0.065 0.025 2.580 0.010 ADJB1REA 0.003 0.028 0.123 0.902 ADJB1REA 0.007 0.030 0.242 0.809 ADJB1REA 0.020 0.030 0.674 0.500 ADJB1REA 0.091 0.032 2.837 0.005 ADJB1REA 0.044 0.026 1.678 0.093 ADJB1REA 0.065 0.030 2.160 0.031 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.004 0.621 0.534 ADJINDRE 0.001 0.005 0.205 0.838 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.002 -0.063 0.949 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.002 -0.068 0.945 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.002 0.069 0.945 ADJINDRE -0.003 0.004 -0.729 0.466 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.004 0.003 0.998 ADJINDRE 0.010 0.006 1.688 0.091 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDDOG ON DOG1 0.104 0.201 0.245 0.492 0.745 0.789 0.886 DOG2 -0.026 0.114 0.184 0.536 0.869 0.935 1.072 DOG4 -0.517 -0.387 -0.319 0.025 0.358 0.429 0.557 DOG5 -0.496 -0.366 -0.302 0.052 0.402 0.461 0.589 DOG6 -0.322 -0.215 -0.164 0.113 0.391 0.447 0.553 DOG7 0.039 0.133 0.180 0.432 0.688 0.739 0.832 DOG8 -0.186 -0.055 0.006 0.345 0.682 0.755 0.875 DOG9 -0.062 0.035 0.083 0.342 0.606 0.656 0.755 AGE 0.011 0.013 0.013 0.018 0.022 0.023 0.024 DOG1 ON AGE -0.009 -0.006 -0.004 0.003 0.010 0.012 0.015 DOG2 ON AGE -0.020 -0.015 -0.012 0.002 0.016 0.019 0.024 DOG4 ON AGE -0.022 -0.018 -0.015 -0.004 0.007 0.010 0.014 DOG5 ON AGE -0.018 -0.014 -0.012 -0.002 0.008 0.010 0.014 DOG6 ON AGE -0.014 -0.010 -0.008 0.001 0.010 0.012 0.015 DOG7 ON AGE -0.016 -0.013 -0.011 -0.004 0.004 0.006 0.008 DOG8 ON AGE -0.022 -0.016 -0.014 0.000 0.014 0.017 0.022 DOG9 ON AGE 0.004 0.007 0.009 0.018 0.027 0.029 0.033 Intercepts KTDDOG -0.161 -0.051 0.004 0.285 0.573 0.630 0.728 Ability to Save Money The two most common implicit theories were that the ability to save money is constant until it spikes in old age (19%) and that the ability to save money increases throughout the lifespan (18%). While the increase did not show a significant decline over ageing (p = .113), the belief in the sudden elderly spike increased throughout ageing (b = .002, p = .005, 95%CI = .003 to .001). Furthermore, older people were more likely to believe that the elderly show a sudden drop in the ability to save money as well (b = .001, p = 003, 95%CI = .002 to < .001). Holding the belief that the ability to save money is fixed throughout the lifespan, a belief that becomes decreasingly likely as we age, is related to believing children today are equally able to save money as children were in the past (b0 = .064, p = .731). This was true for all other implicit theories except for believing that the ability increases until a plateau in adulthood or that it spikes in the elderly (all other ps > .16). Holding the belief that the ability to save money develops through childhood but then plateaus in adulthood throughout life is related to holding stronger beliefs that children today cannot save money like they used to be able to (b = .341, p = .043, 95%CI = .671 to .006). Also, believing that the ability to save money spikes in the elderly is related to believing that children today cannot save their money (b = .513, p = .002, 95%CI = .84 to .188). . tab changesave Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 258 17.20 17.20 2 | 80 5.33 22.53 3 | 150 10.00 32.53 4 | 138 9.20 41.73 5 | 103 6.87 48.60 6 | 210 14.00 62.60 7 | 217 14.47 77.07 8 | 74 4.93 82.00 9 | 270 18.00 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDSAVE ON SAVE1 0.231 0.166 1.387 0.166 SAVE2 0.158 0.280 0.565 0.572 SAVE4 0.076 0.198 0.382 0.702 SAVE5 0.241 0.240 1.006 0.314 SAVE6 0.151 0.171 0.887 0.375 SAVE7 0.341 0.168 2.027 0.043 SAVE8 0.256 0.246 1.042 0.298 SAVE9 0.513 0.165 3.106 0.002 AGE 0.016 0.003 5.890 0.000 SAVE1 ON AGE -0.008 0.005 -1.591 0.112 SAVE2 ON AGE -0.009 0.008 -1.061 0.289 SAVE4 ON AGE -0.004 0.007 -0.661 0.508 SAVE5 ON AGE 0.022 0.008 2.916 0.004 SAVE6 ON AGE 0.005 0.005 0.979 0.327 SAVE7 ON AGE -0.002 0.005 -0.450 0.653 SAVE8 ON AGE 0.002 0.008 0.208 0.835 SAVE9 ON AGE 0.013 0.005 2.782 0.005 Intercepts KTDSAVE 0.064 0.187 0.344 0.731 Thresholds SAVE1$1 1.113 0.254 4.382 0.000 SAVE2$1 2.635 0.445 5.927 0.000 SAVE4$1 2.160 0.361 5.975 0.000 SAVE5$1 3.882 0.445 8.723 0.000 SAVE6$1 2.055 0.285 7.207 0.000 SAVE7$1 1.590 0.272 5.857 0.000 SAVE8$1 3.121 0.444 7.033 0.000 SAVE9$1 2.186 0.270 8.104 0.000 Residual Variances KTDSAVE 2.203 0.081 27.315 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD1 0.393 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.224 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD4 0.251 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD5 0.261 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD6 0.330 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD7 0.388 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD8 0.233 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD9 0.349 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.110 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.022 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.064 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.031 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.018 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.136 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.000 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.516 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 ********* 0.000 ADJA1REA -0.065 0.040 -1.601 0.109 ADJA1REA -0.076 0.071 -1.062 0.288 ADJA1REA -0.038 0.058 -0.662 0.508 ADJA1REA 0.188 0.064 2.920 0.003 ADJA1REA 0.043 0.044 0.981 0.327 ADJA1REA -0.019 0.043 -0.450 0.653 ADJA1REA 0.014 0.068 0.208 0.835 ADJA1REA 0.114 0.041 2.789 0.005 ADJB1REA 0.049 0.036 1.392 0.164 ADJB1REA 0.019 0.034 0.566 0.571 ADJB1REA 0.010 0.027 0.383 0.702 ADJB1REA 0.034 0.034 1.009 0.313 ADJB1REA 0.027 0.031 0.889 0.374 ADJB1REA 0.072 0.035 2.041 0.041 ADJB1REA 0.033 0.031 1.044 0.296 ADJB1REA 0.097 0.031 3.141 0.002 ADJINDRE -0.003 0.003 -0.980 0.327 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.004 -0.380 0.704 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.002 -0.199 0.842 ADJINDRE 0.006 0.007 0.946 0.344 ADJINDRE 0.001 0.002 0.520 0.603 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.003 -0.399 0.690 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.003 0.143 0.886 ADJINDRE 0.011 0.005 2.092 0.036 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDSAVE ON SAVE1 -0.191 -0.088 -0.039 0.231 0.507 0.562 0.659 SAVE2 -0.605 -0.405 -0.315 0.158 0.601 0.687 0.848 SAVE4 -0.463 -0.319 -0.254 0.076 0.394 0.461 0.581 SAVE5 -0.387 -0.243 -0.161 0.241 0.625 0.702 0.846 SAVE6 -0.296 -0.178 -0.133 0.151 0.423 0.475 0.594 SAVE7 -0.088 0.006 0.062 0.341 0.617 0.671 0.766 SAVE8 -0.408 -0.250 -0.166 0.256 0.646 0.721 0.874 SAVE9 0.085 0.188 0.239 0.513 0.788 0.840 0.942 AGE 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.016 0.020 0.021 0.023 SAVE1 ON AGE -0.019 -0.017 -0.015 -0.008 0.000 0.002 0.005 SAVE2 ON AGE -0.031 -0.025 -0.022 -0.009 0.005 0.007 0.013 SAVE4 ON AGE -0.022 -0.018 -0.015 -0.004 0.007 0.009 0.013 SAVE5 ON AGE 0.003 0.008 0.010 0.022 0.035 0.037 0.043 SAVE6 ON AGE -0.008 -0.005 -0.003 0.005 0.014 0.015 0.018 SAVE7 ON AGE -0.015 -0.012 -0.010 -0.002 0.006 0.008 0.011 SAVE8 ON AGE -0.018 -0.014 -0.011 0.002 0.015 0.017 0.023 SAVE9 ON AGE 0.001 0.004 0.005 0.013 0.021 0.023 0.026 Intercepts KTDSAVE -0.406 -0.299 -0.243 0.064 0.378 0.432 0.539 Thresholds SAVE1$1 1.113 1.113 1.113 1.113 1.113 1.113 1.113 SAVE2$1 2.635 2.635 2.635 2.635 2.635 2.635 2.635 SAVE4$1 2.160 2.160 2.160 2.160 2.160 2.160 2.160 SAVE5$1 3.882 3.882 3.882 3.882 3.882 3.882 3.882 SAVE6$1 2.055 2.055 2.055 2.055 2.055 2.055 2.055 SAVE7$1 1.590 1.590 1.590 1.590 1.590 1.590 1.590 SAVE8$1 3.121 3.121 3.121 3.121 3.121 3.121 3.121 SAVE9$1 2.186 2.186 2.186 2.186 2.186 2.186 2.186 Ability to Save Money The two most common implicit theories were that the ability to save money is constant until it spikes in old age (19%) and that the ability to save money increases throughout the lifespan (18%). While the increase did not show a significant decline over ageing (p = .113), the belief in the sudden elderly spike increased throughout ageing (b = .002, p = .005, 95%CI = .003 to .001). Furthermore, older people were more likely to believe that the elderly show a sudden drop in the ability to save money as well (b = .001, p = 003, 95%CI = .002 to < .001). Believing morality is fixed across the lifespan, the model response, was related to believing that children today are less moral than children of the past were (b0 = .463, p = .006, 95%CI = .796 to .138). This fixed belief was also the most moderate of all of the beliefs in the improvement of the youth. While holding the belief that morality increases until a plateau in adulthood was not statistically different (b = -.027, p = .831), holding all other implicit theories of change was related to believing even stronger that children today are less moral than children of the past. Specific results are as follows: morality increases (b = .366, p = .007, 95%CI = .63 to .1); morality decreases (b = .577, p = .005, 95%CI = .978 to .175); morality is U-shaped (b = .395, p = .01, 95%CI = .692 to .091); morality declines in the elderly (b = .532, p = .008, 95%CI = .928 to .136); morality is parabolic (b = .371, p = .044, 95%CI = .721 to .009); morality declines to an adulthood floor (b = .638, p = .001, 95%CI = .998 to .264); morality spikes in the elderly (b = .401 p = .013, 95%CI = .702 to .078). . tab changemoral Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 227 15.13 15.13 2 | 105 7.00 22.13 3 | 286 19.07 41.20 4 | 167 11.13 52.33 5 | 92 6.13 58.47 6 | 100 6.67 65.13 7 | 260 17.33 82.47 8 | 94 6.27 88.73 9 | 169 11.27 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDMORAL ON MORAL1 -0.366 0.135 -2.712 0.007 MORAL2 -0.577 0.208 -2.779 0.005 MORAL4 -0.395 0.153 -2.578 0.010 MORAL5 -0.532 0.200 -2.663 0.008 MORAL6 -0.371 0.184 -2.011 0.044 MORAL7 -0.027 0.129 -0.210 0.834 MORAL8 -0.638 0.187 -3.410 0.001 MORAL9 -0.401 0.160 -2.497 0.013 AGE -0.009 0.003 -3.438 0.001 MORAL1 ON AGE -0.015 0.005 -3.211 0.001 MORAL2 ON AGE -0.019 0.007 -2.534 0.011 MORAL4 ON AGE 0.004 0.006 0.576 0.565 MORAL5 ON AGE 0.002 0.008 0.269 0.788 MORAL6 ON AGE -0.009 0.007 -1.261 0.207 MORAL7 ON AGE 0.006 0.005 1.277 0.202 MORAL8 ON AGE 0.005 0.007 0.619 0.536 MORAL9 ON AGE 0.011 0.006 1.824 0.068 Intercepts KTDMORAL -0.463 0.169 -2.736 0.006 Thresholds MORAL1$1 0.925 0.251 3.688 0.000 MORAL2$1 1.807 0.381 4.737 0.000 MORAL4$1 2.371 0.342 6.923 0.000 MORAL5$1 2.793 0.437 6.391 0.000 MORAL6$1 2.214 0.380 5.824 0.000 MORAL7$1 1.816 0.256 7.090 0.000 MORAL8$1 2.989 0.410 7.296 0.000 MORAL9$1 2.610 0.329 7.941 0.000 Residual Variances KTDMORAL 2.174 0.072 30.323 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD1 0.361 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.236 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD4 0.302 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD5 0.245 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD6 0.245 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD7 0.386 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD8 0.238 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD9 0.319 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.484 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.258 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.078 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.031 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.133 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.212 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.062 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.258 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 ********* 0.000 ADJA1REA -0.130 0.040 -3.275 0.001 ADJA1REA -0.162 0.064 -2.533 0.011 ADJA1REA 0.030 0.053 0.576 0.564 ADJA1REA 0.018 0.067 0.269 0.788 ADJA1REA -0.077 0.061 -1.262 0.207 ADJA1REA 0.050 0.039 1.280 0.201 ADJA1REA 0.039 0.062 0.619 0.536 ADJA1REA 0.090 0.049 1.828 0.068 ADJB1REA -0.072 0.027 -2.728 0.006 ADJB1REA -0.075 0.027 -2.797 0.005 ADJB1REA -0.065 0.025 -2.592 0.010 ADJB1REA -0.071 0.027 -2.680 0.007 ADJB1REA -0.050 0.025 -2.018 0.044 ADJB1REA -0.006 0.027 -0.210 0.833 ADJB1REA -0.083 0.024 -3.436 0.001 ADJB1REA -0.070 0.028 -2.512 0.012 ADJINDRE 0.009 0.005 2.013 0.044 ADJINDRE 0.012 0.006 1.898 0.058 ADJINDRE -0.002 0.004 -0.533 0.594 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.005 -0.252 0.801 ADJINDRE 0.004 0.004 1.023 0.306 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.002 -0.165 0.869 ADJINDRE -0.003 0.005 -0.590 0.555 ADJINDRE -0.006 0.005 -1.388 0.165 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDMORAL ON MORAL1 -0.712 -0.630 -0.588 -0.366 -0.143 -0.100 -0.021 MORAL2 -1.091 -0.978 -0.918 -0.577 -0.238 -0.175 -0.048 MORAL4 -0.773 -0.692 -0.645 -0.395 -0.141 -0.091 0.004 MORAL5 -1.035 -0.928 -0.861 -0.532 -0.206 -0.136 0.001 MORAL6 -0.832 -0.721 -0.667 -0.371 -0.062 -0.009 0.111 MORAL7 -0.357 -0.277 -0.237 -0.027 0.185 0.227 0.310 MORAL8 -1.095 -0.998 -0.938 -0.638 -0.327 -0.264 -0.117 MORAL9 -0.806 -0.702 -0.650 -0.401 -0.129 -0.078 0.019 AGE -0.016 -0.015 -0.014 -0.009 -0.005 -0.004 -0.002 MORAL1 ON AGE -0.027 -0.025 -0.023 -0.015 -0.007 -0.006 -0.003 MORAL2 ON AGE -0.039 -0.034 -0.031 -0.019 -0.007 -0.004 0.000 MORAL4 ON AGE -0.012 -0.009 -0.007 0.004 0.013 0.016 0.019 MORAL5 ON AGE -0.018 -0.013 -0.011 0.002 0.015 0.018 0.023 MORAL6 ON AGE -0.028 -0.024 -0.021 -0.009 0.002 0.005 0.009 MORAL7 ON AGE -0.006 -0.003 -0.002 0.006 0.014 0.015 0.018 MORAL8 ON AGE -0.015 -0.010 -0.008 0.005 0.016 0.019 0.023 MORAL9 ON AGE -0.004 0.000 0.001 0.011 0.020 0.022 0.026 Intercepts KTDMORAL -0.908 -0.796 -0.743 -0.463 -0.187 -0.138 -0.031 Work Ethic The most common belief was that work ethic increases throughout childhood where it then plateaus for the rest of life (24%); showing no significant over age (p = .488). The least likely option at all ages, that of a decrease from childhood through the elderly, became even less endorsed as people aged (b = -.001, p = .043, 95%CI = -.001 to < .001). As people became older, they became more likely to believe that work ethic showed either a flat unchanging pattern of development (b = .002, p = .005, 95%CI = .003 to .001), or there was a spike in work ethic in old age (b = .001, p = .02, 95%CI = .002 to < .001). Believing work ethic is fixed throughout the lifespan, a belief that becomes increasingly common as we age, is related to believing that children to day do not have the work ethic they used to (b0 = .424, p = 033, 95%CI = .808 to .031). Believing that work ethic increases throughout the lifespan was related to having even stronger views that children today’s work ethic is in decline (b = .306, p = .032, 95%CI = .589 to .024). All other beliefs were not statistically different from believing work ethic is fixed (all ps > .09). . tab changework Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 266 17.73 17.73 2 | 62 4.13 21.87 3 | 220 14.67 36.53 4 | 103 6.87 43.40 5 | 86 5.73 49.13 6 | 180 12.00 61.13 7 | 323 21.53 82.67 8 | 81 5.40 88.07 9 | 179 11.93 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDWORK ON WORK1 0.306 0.143 2.139 0.032 WORK2 -0.189 0.339 -0.558 0.577 WORK4 -0.217 0.222 -0.981 0.327 WORK5 0.204 0.216 0.944 0.345 WORK6 0.178 0.156 1.140 0.254 WORK7 0.229 0.137 1.674 0.094 WORK8 0.284 0.235 1.206 0.228 WORK9 0.256 0.154 1.659 0.097 AGE 0.019 0.003 6.589 0.000 WORK1 ON AGE -0.007 0.004 -1.464 0.143 WORK2 ON AGE -0.018 0.009 -2.055 0.040 WORK4 ON AGE -0.013 0.008 -1.646 0.100 WORK5 ON AGE -0.003 0.009 -0.302 0.763 WORK6 ON AGE -0.006 0.006 -0.937 0.349 WORK7 ON AGE 0.003 0.004 0.694 0.487 WORK8 ON AGE -0.014 0.008 -1.693 0.090 WORK9 ON AGE 0.013 0.006 2.304 0.021 Intercepts KTDWORK 0.424 0.198 2.138 0.033 Thresholds WORK1$1 1.122 0.240 4.673 0.000 WORK2$1 2.371 0.447 5.303 0.000 WORK4$1 2.231 0.425 5.254 0.000 WORK5$1 2.764 0.464 5.953 0.000 WORK6$1 1.730 0.319 5.428 0.000 WORK7$1 1.310 0.233 5.616 0.000 WORK8$1 2.284 0.425 5.377 0.000 WORK9$1 2.704 0.319 8.480 0.000 Residual Variances KTDWORK 2.122 0.089 23.788 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD1 0.391 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.187 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD4 0.221 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD5 0.223 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD6 0.322 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD7 0.427 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD8 0.214 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD9 0.323 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.243 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.154 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.160 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.031 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.141 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.130 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.154 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.320 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 ********* 0.000 ADJA1REA -0.056 0.038 -1.472 0.141 ADJA1REA -0.154 0.075 -2.056 0.040 ADJA1REA -0.115 0.070 -1.646 0.100 ADJA1REA -0.022 0.074 -0.302 0.762 ADJA1REA -0.048 0.051 -0.937 0.349 ADJA1REA 0.025 0.036 0.695 0.487 ADJA1REA -0.117 0.069 -1.694 0.090 ADJA1REA 0.111 0.048 2.308 0.021 ADJB1REA 0.065 0.030 2.152 0.031 ADJB1REA -0.019 0.034 -0.559 0.576 ADJB1REA -0.026 0.027 -0.983 0.326 ADJB1REA 0.025 0.026 0.946 0.344 ADJB1REA 0.031 0.027 1.142 0.253 ADJB1REA 0.053 0.032 1.682 0.092 ADJB1REA 0.033 0.027 1.208 0.227 ADJB1REA 0.045 0.027 1.666 0.096 ADJINDRE -0.004 0.003 -1.142 0.253 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.006 0.467 0.641 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.004 0.695 0.487 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.003 -0.204 0.839 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.002 -0.606 0.545 ADJINDRE 0.001 0.002 0.570 0.569 ADJINDRE -0.004 0.004 -0.900 0.368 ADJINDRE 0.005 0.004 1.245 0.213 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDWORK ON WORK1 -0.061 0.024 0.064 0.306 0.537 0.589 0.674 WORK2 -1.135 -0.880 -0.781 -0.189 0.337 0.445 0.623 WORK4 -0.802 -0.662 -0.591 -0.217 0.142 0.211 0.351 WORK5 -0.361 -0.226 -0.165 0.204 0.551 0.612 0.745 WORK6 -0.230 -0.131 -0.080 0.178 0.430 0.484 0.575 WORK7 -0.117 -0.034 0.012 0.229 0.459 0.501 0.587 WORK8 -0.361 -0.202 -0.119 0.284 0.656 0.727 0.855 WORK9 -0.139 -0.047 0.002 0.256 0.509 0.561 0.652 AGE 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.019 0.023 0.024 0.026 WORK1 ON AGE -0.018 -0.015 -0.014 -0.007 0.001 0.002 0.005 WORK2 ON AGE -0.041 -0.036 -0.033 -0.018 -0.004 -0.001 0.003 WORK4 ON AGE -0.035 -0.030 -0.027 -0.013 0.000 0.002 0.008 WORK5 ON AGE -0.024 -0.019 -0.016 -0.003 0.011 0.015 0.020 WORK6 ON AGE -0.021 -0.017 -0.015 -0.006 0.004 0.006 0.010 WORK7 ON AGE -0.008 -0.005 -0.004 0.003 0.010 0.011 0.014 WORK8 ON AGE -0.035 -0.030 -0.027 -0.014 0.000 0.002 0.008 WORK9 ON AGE -0.002 0.002 0.004 0.013 0.022 0.024 0.027 Intercepts KTDWORK -0.103 0.031 0.096 0.424 0.746 0.808 0.929 Self-sufficiency The most common implicit theory was that self-sufficiency is parabolic (35%), starting off low, increasing through life to adulthood, the dropping again in the elderly; this was seen across all ages with no change (p = .379). The only change seen over age is that as people get older they become more likely to believe there is a sharp drop in self-sufficiency in old age (b = .001, p = .031, 95%CI = .002 to < .001). Holding the belief that self-sufficiency is fixed throughout the lifespan is related to believing that children today are equally self-sufficient as they were in the past (b0 = .254, p = .335). Believing that self-sufficiency increases throughout the lifespan, however, was related to believing that children today are not as self-reliant as children used to be (b = .508, p = .04, 95%CI = 1.003 to .02). All other implicit theories were not statistically different from believing self-sufficiency is fixed (all ps > .11). . tab changesuf Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 189 12.60 12.60 2 | 90 6.00 18.60 3 | 120 8.00 26.60 4 | 87 5.80 32.40 5 | 154 10.27 42.67 6 | 485 32.33 75.00 7 | 161 10.73 85.73 8 | 69 4.60 90.33 9 | 145 9.67 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDSUF ON SUF1 0.508 0.248 2.052 0.040 SUF2 0.219 0.317 0.692 0.489 SUF4 0.015 0.313 0.046 0.963 SUF5 0.136 0.264 0.515 0.607 SUF6 0.332 0.219 1.518 0.129 SUF7 0.403 0.253 1.595 0.111 SUF8 0.115 0.316 0.363 0.717 SUF9 0.304 0.266 1.143 0.253 AGE 0.011 0.003 3.186 0.001 SUF1 ON AGE -0.005 0.005 -0.874 0.382 SUF2 ON AGE 0.006 0.007 0.766 0.444 SUF4 ON AGE -0.017 0.009 -1.897 0.058 SUF5 ON AGE 0.013 0.006 2.100 0.036 SUF6 ON AGE 0.002 0.004 0.542 0.588 SUF7 ON AGE -0.008 0.006 -1.433 0.152 SUF8 ON AGE -0.010 0.009 -1.045 0.296 SUF9 ON AGE 0.008 0.006 1.285 0.199 Intercepts KTDSUF 0.254 0.263 0.964 0.335 Thresholds SUF1$1 1.650 0.292 5.647 0.000 SUF2$1 3.185 0.421 7.563 0.000 SUF4$1 2.324 0.454 5.121 0.000 SUF5$1 2.843 0.364 7.818 0.000 SUF6$1 0.708 0.209 3.392 0.001 SUF7$1 1.633 0.305 5.356 0.000 SUF8$1 2.668 0.493 5.409 0.000 SUF9$1 2.699 0.357 7.552 0.000 Residual Variances KTDSUF 3.203 0.114 28.199 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD1 0.337 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.224 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD4 0.197 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD5 0.309 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD6 0.479 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD7 0.317 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD8 0.197 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD9 0.292 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.131 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.069 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.158 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.305 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.115 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.202 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.092 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.168 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 ********* 0.000 ADJA1REA -0.041 0.046 -0.878 0.380 ADJA1REA 0.049 0.064 0.767 0.443 ADJA1REA -0.143 0.076 -1.899 0.058 ADJA1REA 0.115 0.055 2.104 0.035 ADJA1REA 0.018 0.033 0.543 0.587 ADJA1REA -0.071 0.049 -1.434 0.152 ADJA1REA -0.084 0.080 -1.046 0.296 ADJA1REA 0.070 0.055 1.286 0.198 ADJB1REA 0.094 0.045 2.076 0.038 ADJB1REA 0.027 0.039 0.695 0.487 ADJB1REA 0.002 0.034 0.046 0.963 ADJB1REA 0.023 0.045 0.517 0.605 ADJB1REA 0.087 0.057 1.537 0.124 ADJB1REA 0.070 0.044 1.608 0.108 ADJB1REA 0.012 0.034 0.364 0.716 ADJB1REA 0.049 0.042 1.149 0.251 ADJINDRE -0.004 0.005 -0.745 0.457 ADJINDRE 0.001 0.004 0.369 0.712 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.005 -0.042 0.967 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.006 0.448 0.654 ADJINDRE 0.002 0.004 0.435 0.664 ADJINDRE -0.005 0.005 -0.960 0.337 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.004 -0.254 0.799 ADJINDRE 0.003 0.005 0.710 0.477 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDSUF ON SUF1 -0.131 0.020 0.100 0.508 0.911 1.003 1.161 SUF2 -0.632 -0.416 -0.310 0.219 0.727 0.831 1.021 SUF4 -0.779 -0.585 -0.490 0.015 0.538 0.654 0.858 SUF5 -0.534 -0.375 -0.295 0.136 0.567 0.650 0.818 SUF6 -0.221 -0.097 -0.024 0.332 0.696 0.770 0.909 SUF7 -0.257 -0.089 -0.007 0.403 0.825 0.898 1.071 SUF8 -0.716 -0.506 -0.399 0.115 0.630 0.742 0.936 SUF9 -0.393 -0.213 -0.133 0.304 0.741 0.825 1.005 AGE 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.011 0.016 0.017 0.019 SUF1 ON AGE -0.019 -0.015 -0.013 -0.005 0.004 0.006 0.010 SUF2 ON AGE -0.013 -0.008 -0.006 0.006 0.018 0.021 0.025 SUF4 ON AGE -0.040 -0.034 -0.031 -0.017 -0.002 0.001 0.006 SUF5 ON AGE -0.002 0.001 0.003 0.013 0.024 0.026 0.031 SUF6 ON AGE -0.008 -0.005 -0.004 0.002 0.009 0.010 0.012 SUF7 ON AGE -0.024 -0.020 -0.018 -0.008 0.001 0.003 0.006 SUF8 ON AGE -0.034 -0.028 -0.025 -0.010 0.006 0.009 0.014 SUF9 ON AGE -0.008 -0.004 -0.002 0.008 0.019 0.021 0.025 Intercepts KTDSUF -0.412 -0.250 -0.168 0.254 0.700 0.780 0.950 Entitlement Implicit theories of change exhibited nearly a complete reversal over age. No one implicit theory was endorsed more than the others at all age. And while most belief declined non-significantly, two patterns are noteworthy. At the youngest ages, belief that entitlement shows stability until the elderly where it sharply decline was the 2nd least endorsed by younger participants but most endorsed by older participants (b = .002, p = .006, 95%CI = .003 to <.001). Also, the belief that entitlement is stable but in the elderly has a sharp spike upwards was the least endorsed by younger participants but by old age was the 2nd most endorsed belief (b = .002, p = .005, 95%CI = .003 to <.001). Holding the belief that entitlement is fixed throughout the lifespan was related to believing children today are more entitled than children of the past (b0 = .438, p < .001, 95%CI = .596 to .28). There were no significant differences between different intuitive theories from believing in no growth (all ps > .14). . tab changeentitle Starting | from | childhood | and | extending | into old | age, what | do you | believe | happens | Freq. Percent Cum. ------------+----------------------------------- 1 | 157 10.47 10.47 2 | 184 12.27 22.73 3 | 202 13.47 36.20 4 | 139 9.27 45.47 5 | 178 11.87 57.33 6 | 178 11.87 69.20 7 | 151 10.07 79.27 8 | 155 10.33 89.60 9 | 156 10.40 100.00 ------------+----------------------------------- Total | 1,500 100.00 MODEL RESULTS Two-Tailed Estimate S.E. Est./S.E. P-Value KTDENTIT ON ENTITLE1 0.002 0.059 0.030 0.976 ENTITLE2 -0.104 0.061 -1.709 0.088 ENTITLE4 0.112 0.054 2.061 0.039 ENTITLE5 0.117 0.063 1.843 0.065 ENTITLE6 -0.095 0.057 -1.672 0.095 ENTITLE7 0.000 0.058 0.001 0.999 ENTITLE8 -0.080 0.061 -1.321 0.187 ENTITLE9 0.037 0.059 0.627 0.531 AGE -0.005 0.003 -1.882 0.060 ENTITLE1 ON AGE -0.004 0.003 -1.298 0.194 ENTITLE2 ON AGE -0.001 0.003 -0.438 0.661 ENTITLE4 ON AGE -0.005 0.003 -1.790 0.073 ENTITLE5 ON AGE -0.005 0.003 -1.538 0.124 ENTITLE6 ON AGE 0.008 0.003 2.683 0.007 ENTITLE7 ON AGE -0.005 0.003 -1.617 0.106 ENTITLE8 ON AGE -0.001 0.003 -0.304 0.761 ENTITLE9 ON AGE 0.004 0.003 1.484 0.138 Thresholds KTDENTIT$1 0.069 0.126 0.548 0.584 KTDENTIT$2 1.095 0.129 8.522 0.000 ENTITLE1$1 1.044 0.166 6.281 0.000 ENTITLE2$1 1.108 0.157 7.073 0.000 ENTITLE4$1 0.851 0.151 5.649 0.000 ENTITLE5$1 1.087 0.177 6.140 0.000 ENTITLE6$1 1.577 0.171 9.201 0.000 ENTITLE7$1 0.940 0.162 5.813 0.000 ENTITLE8$1 1.242 0.173 7.198 0.000 ENTITLE9$1 1.476 0.161 9.170 0.000 New/Additional Parameters SDX 15.589 0.000 0.000 1.000 SDMREAD1 0.337 0.000 ********* 0.000 SDMREAD2 0.224 0.000 0.000 1.000 SDMREAD4 0.197 0.000 0.000 1.000 SDMREAD5 0.309 0.000 0.000 1.000 SDMREAD6 0.479 0.000 0.000 1.000 SDMREAD7 0.317 0.000 0.000 1.000 SDMREAD8 0.197 0.000 0.000 1.000 SDMREAD9 0.292 0.000 0.000 1.000 COVXMREA -0.131 0.000 0.000 1.000 COVXMREA 0.069 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.158 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.305 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.115 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.202 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA -0.092 0.000 ********* 0.000 COVXMREA 0.168 0.000 ********* 0.000 PI 3.142 0.000 0.000 1.000 ADJA1REA -0.035 0.027 -1.301 0.193 ADJA1REA -0.011 0.025 -0.438 0.661 ADJA1REA -0.043 0.024 -1.790 0.073 ADJA1REA -0.044 0.028 -1.538 0.124 ADJA1REA 0.070 0.026 2.684 0.007 ADJA1REA -0.042 0.026 -1.617 0.106 ADJA1REA -0.008 0.027 -0.304 0.761 ADJA1REA 0.037 0.025 1.485 0.138 ADJB1REA 0.000 0.011 0.030 0.976 ADJB1REA -0.013 0.008 -1.710 0.087 ADJB1REA 0.012 0.006 2.062 0.039 ADJB1REA 0.020 0.011 1.845 0.065 ADJB1REA -0.025 0.015 -1.674 0.094 ADJB1REA 0.000 0.010 0.001 0.999 ADJB1REA -0.009 0.007 -1.322 0.186 ADJB1REA 0.006 0.009 0.628 0.530 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.000 -0.024 0.981 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.000 0.366 0.714 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.000 -1.286 0.199 ADJINDRE -0.001 0.001 -1.140 0.254 ADJINDRE -0.002 0.001 -1.385 0.166 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.001 -0.001 0.999 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.000 0.241 0.810 ADJINDRE 0.000 0.000 0.494 0.621 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF MODEL RESULTS Lower .5% Lower 2.5% Lower 5% Estimate Upper 5% Upper 2.5% Upper .5% KTDENTIT ON ENTITLE1 -0.150 -0.115 -0.096 0.002 0.099 0.115 0.151 ENTITLE2 -0.259 -0.222 -0.203 -0.104 -0.003 0.019 0.052 ENTITLE4 -0.032 0.002 0.020 0.112 0.198 0.212 0.245 ENTITLE5 -0.055 -0.010 0.011 0.117 0.219 0.237 0.277 ENTITLE6 -0.248 -0.212 -0.192 -0.095 -0.004 0.014 0.047 ENTITLE7 -0.150 -0.115 -0.096 0.000 0.096 0.113 0.146 ENTITLE8 -0.245 -0.200 -0.180 -0.080 0.020 0.039 0.069 ENTITLE9 -0.124 -0.080 -0.061 0.037 0.133 0.151 0.184 AGE -0.012 -0.010 -0.009 -0.005 0.001 0.002 0.003 ENTITLE1 ON AGE -0.012 -0.010 -0.009 -0.004 0.001 0.002 0.004 ENTITLE2 ON AGE -0.009 -0.007 -0.006 -0.001 0.003 0.004 0.006 ENTITLE4 ON AGE -0.012 -0.010 -0.009 -0.005 0.000 0.001 0.002 ENTITLE5 ON AGE -0.014 -0.011 -0.010 -0.005 0.000 0.001 0.004 ENTITLE6 ON AGE 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.008 0.013 0.014 0.016 ENTITLE7 ON AGE -0.013 -0.011 -0.010 -0.005 0.000 0.001 0.003 ENTITLE8 ON AGE -0.009 -0.007 -0.006 -0.001 0.004 0.005 0.007 ENTITLE9 ON AGE -0.003 -0.001 -0.001 0.004 0.009 0.010 0.012 **References** MacKinnnon, D.P & Dwyer, J.H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17, 144-158.