To investigate the extent to which learning transfers from Production to
Comprehension, we taught participants an artificial language containing
multiple dependencies. Participants were randomly assigned to either a
Production or a Comprehension learning condition, with conditions designed
to balance attention demands and other known production-comprehension
differences - the Production Effect and the Testing Effect. After training,
Production participants outperformed Comprehension participants on
vocabulary comprehension and also on tests of grammatical dependencies when
covarying out vocabulary learning. These data show that production
specifically benefits the learning of grammatical dependencies, informing
theories of shared representations between comprehension and production
processes.