This project examines issues related to motives for eating meat or not eating meat. It follows up on recent work in which we developed the Vegetarian Eating Motives Inventory (VEMI) and examined the correlates of a measure of rationalizations for eating meat, the 4Ns (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/52V6Z). **Study 1 Goals** There are five specific goals. See preregistration and results for details. 1. Replicate 4NS correlations In our previous study on meat rationalizations we reported correlations between the 4Ns scales and measures of the Big 5 traits, values, and motives for a vegetarian diet. In this study we conduct a pre-registered replication of those associations. 2. Validate R4NS with distinguishable scales The initial validation and our recent study suggest the 4NS scales are not distinguishable. In this study we begin the validation of a new measure with distinguishable scales. 3. Examine 4NS and R4NS associations with maladaptive personality and trait facets In our previous study on meat rationalizations we did not examine trait facets or maladaptive variants of traits, but it did find some evidence for associations between meat rationalization and maladaptive personality. In this study these associations will be explored in greater detail with both the 4NS and R4NS. 4. Explore associations between eating motives and Dietarian Identity Rosenfeld (2018) recently developed a model of dietarian identity, or the ways in which one's diet constitutes an important aspect of their identity. As identity may be an important aspect of personal motives for different eating habits, we aim to explore the correlations between the dietarian measure and motives to be vegetarian (VEMI) or to eat meat (4Ns and R4NS). 5. Validate VEMI using flyers as criterion variables The goal of our previous work was to generate a model of vegetarian motives and their correlates for use by animal advocacy organizations wishing to target their campaigns. In that study, we were able to develop a measurement tool that could reliably distinguish three motives for a vegetarian diet: health, the environment, and animal rights. In this study, we will test whether scores on these three scales predict responses to flyers used in the vegetarian advocacy movement. **Study 1 Method** We collected data from student participants via the Psychology Department subject pool in Spring, 2019. Participants completed the following measures (see measures document): 1. Demographics 2. Vegetarian Eating Motives Inventory 3. 4NS 4. Revised 4NS item pool 5. IPIP-NEO 120 6. The Brief Personality Inventory for DSM-5 7. Rosenfeld Dietarian Identity Questionnaire 8. Agentic and Communal Values Scale 9. Rokeach Values Scale 10. Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Short Circumplex 11. Vegetarian Advocacy Flyers **Study 2 Goals** In Study 1 we developed the R4Ns and found that it had distinguishable scales. The goals of this study are to refine the measure, replicate its structure, and further examine its correlates. See preregistration for details. 1. Replicate R4NS structure In Study 1 we found 4 distinct factors in the 4Ns item pool. However, one of the items on the "natural" scale was not intended for that scale. We trimmed items that did not work well (see output on this OSF page), added two new items, and aim to replicate the 4Ns structure. 2. Replicatge R4Ns associations In Study 1 we identified correlations between the R4Ns and measures of vegetarian motives, personality, values, and interpersonal problems. We aim to replicate those correlations in study 2. 3. Examine R4NS associations with maladaptive personality and trait facets We will also test a number of pre-registered hypotheses about how R4Ns scales relate to other measures. **Study 2 Method** We will collect data from student participants via the UC Davis Psychology Department subject pool in Fall 2019. Participants will complete the following measures (see measurement document). 1. Demographics 2. Vegetarian Eating Motives Inventory (VEMI) 3. Revised 4NS 2.0 (R4NS) 4. Personality Inventory for DSM-5 brief 5. Five Factor Model (IPIP-NEO 60) 6. Dietary Preferences 7. Agentic and Communal Values (ACV) 8. Rokeach Values scale 9. Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Short Circumplex (IIP-SC) 10. Fishing/Hunting questions 11. Satisfaction with Life - Pleasure 12. Elemental Psychopathy Assessment Callousness, Rashness, and Self-Centeredness scales 13. Five Factor Narcissism Inventory Entitlement, Indifference, and Lack of Empathy scales 14. Speciesism 15. Conservatism 16. Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) 17. Self-Concept Clarity (SCC) 18. Bem Sex Role Inventory (BMSRI)