**R Tutorial**
**A guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild.**
*Anne G. Hertel & Petri T. Niemelä*
This tutorial accompanies our 2020 Movement Ecology paper "A guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild.". The aim of this tutorial is to illustrate how simple univariate mixed models can be used to partition behavioral variance into its among - and within individual sources.
We use movement data from 35 African elephants (*Loxodonta africana*) monitored in Etosha Nationalpark, Namibia to estimate individual variation in patterns of movement.
We will cover four principal concepts from the animal personality literature:
a. Variation in behavioral types and repeatability using univariate mixed-effects models.
b. Variation in behavioral plasticity using random regression.
c. Variation in behavioral predictability, using double-hierarchichal generalized linear models (DHGLM)
d. Behavioral syndromes, using multivariate mixed models
With this tutorial we hope to offer a suite of easy pathways into analyzing individual variation in movement more explicitly to expand the biological questions movement ecologists can seek answers to.