PArticipants first fill out the information sheet. Then they will be given the quality check instructions. During this experiment, we ask that you comply with the following experiment requirements: [Response: Yes, I have done this.] Please maximize the size of your web browser so that it covers your entire screen. [Response: Yes, I have done this.] Please complete the experiment in a single session, and do not leave the experiment to engage in other tasks. So don't check your mail, look at Facebook, send or read a text message, get up for a drink, etc. [Response: I understand this instruction.] Please do not use your web browser's back or refresh buttons at any point during the experiment. [Response: I understand this instruction.] Because this experiment requires your close attention, we ask that you complete the experiment in an environment that is free of noise and distraction. Please do not speak to anyone, or have anyone near you. Ideally, you would be alone in a quiet room, or in a room where other people are quiet (such as a library). [Response: I understand this instruction.] Sometimes this survey will involve you working on one task for a specific period of time. Please remain on the task page for the full period of time we have asked of you. [Response: I understand this instruction.] This experiment uses sound. Please ensure that your computer's audio is functioning. [Response: Yes, I have done this.] Thank you for your help with these matters. Continue to the next page when you're ready to begin. Then participants read: This experiment consists of several tasks. Your first task is to pay attention to a short video. The video will appear on the next page of the survey. Please watch the video. The video has sound, so please ensure that your audio device is now on and at an audible volume. When the video ends, you will be able to continue the survey. When you are ready to view the video, please continue. On the next page, participants watched a 45-second video of a bank robbery, where the page could not move on until 45 seconds are up. Then, participants will engage in the distractor tasks (see below). Once those are done, the total time they have been taking the survey will be recorded. If 22 minutes has elapsed, they will be sent to the end of the study where they will be randomly assigned to the VO or contorl group and perform the associated tasks. If 22 minutes has *not* elapsed, they will be sent to the sudoku page to fill out the 22 minutes (e.g. if completed in 15 minutes they will work on sudoku puzzles for 7 minutes. When taking the sudoku puzzles, participants read: Now, please work on these sudoku puzzles. There is a link at the top of the puzzle to instructions, should you require them. *Please note: If the Sudoku puzzles fail to load, you can still complete the experiment by returning to this page once 1 minute has passed. We would ask that you please document what you did during those 1 minutes -- we'll ask you about that later, and it's information that is very useful to us. This page will automatically move on when their total survey time has reached 22 minutes. Participants are randoly assigned to the experimental or control groups after 22 minutes is up. Then, all participants read: Please read and follow the instructions on the next page. You will have five minutes to complete this task. You will need to work on this task for the full five minutes. Once five minutes has elapsed, you will be able to move on to the next task. Experimental Task: [5-minutes auto-advance] Please describe the appearance of the bank robber in as much detail as possible. It is important that you attempt to describe all of his different facial features. Please write down everything that you can think of regarding the bank robber’s appearance. It is important that you try to describe him for the full 5 minutes. Control Task: [5-minutes auto-advance] Please name 50 countries and their capital cities. For example: France, Paris. Please do not look this information up online - we are interested only in your own answers. Thank you. Then, all participants read: That’s the end of that task. Next you will see a lineup with 8 faces. Please identify the individual in the line up who you believe was the bank robber in the video you watched earlier. If you do not believe the bank robber is present please indicate ‘not present’. On the next page, participants see the lineup of 8 men and are asked: Please tick one of the following boxes to indicate your selection: On the next page: How confident are you in your selection from the lineup? [0-100 sliding scale with 5 centered labels (Very low, Low, Medium, High, Very high] On the next page, participants will be asked the original quality control questions. You will recall that we asked you to meet certain criteria and to take certain steps to avoid distractions during the experiment. Now we want to know if you really followed the rules we asked you to follow. We are going to pay you anyway, no matter what you tell us now, so please be honest. We need your honest answer so we know how to analyze the data you have provided us. Did you maximize the size of your web browser so that it covers your entire screen? [Yes = 0, No = 1] Did you complete the experiment in a single session, without stopping? [Yes = 0, No = 1] Did you pause or leave the experiment to engage in other tasks, even if they were other computer tasks? [Yes = 1, No = 0] Did you use your web browser's back or refresh buttons at any point during the experiment? [Yes = 1, No = 0] Did you complete the experiment in an environment that is free of noise and distraction? [Yes = 0, No = 1] Please select 'no' as the answer to this question, and remember the word 'horse'. On the next page, you will be asked to enter that word. [Yes = 1, No = 0] Did you complete the experiment without anyone helping you? [Yes = 0, No = 1] Did you speak with anyone at any time during the experiment? [Yes = 0, No = 1] Did you spend the full amount of time asked of you on each of the tasks? [Yes = 0, No = 1] If the Sudoku puzzles earlier failed to load, please let us know here what you did during that time. Have you seen the video of the bank robber prior to this study? [Yes = 1, No = 0] Have you participated in a study just like this one before? [Yes = 1, No = 0] If Yes Is Selected Could you tell us what that study was about? On the next page: What was the word? If you do not know, please just leave this answer blank. On the next page, participants read: Earlier in this survey, we asked you the following question: “Do you feel anxious when: Locating your car in a very large parking lot or parking garage.” What is your best guess of how you answered that question earlier? On the next page, participants are given a captcha and asked the seriousness check: It would be very helpful if you could tell us at this point whether you have taken part seriously, so that we can use your answers for our scientific analysis, or whether you were just clicking through to take a look at the survey? You will still be compensated no matter your answer. [I have just clicked through, please throw my data away = 0, I have participated in this survey seriously = 1] **Distractor tasks:** After filling out the information sheet, participants will take the following tasks in complete random order. CRT II (Thomson & Oppenheimer, 2016) All items administered in random order, scored on a 0/1 scale with 1 being correct) A cargo hold of a ship had 500 crates of oranges. At the ship’s first stop, 100 crates were unloaded. At the second stop, 200 more were unloaded. How many crates of oranges were left after the second stop? Sara, Emma, and Sophia embark on a river trip. Each of them brings one supply item for the trip: a kayak, a cooler of sandwiches, and a bag of apples. Sara brought the apples and Emma didn’t bring anything edible. What did Sophia bring? An expedition on a mountain climbing trip was traveling with eleven horse packs. Each horse can carry only three packs. How many horses does the expedition need? A mechanic shop had five silver cars, two red cars, and one blue car in the garage. During the day, three silver cars and one red car were picked up, and one black car was dropped off. How many silver cars were in the garage at the end of the day? If you’re running a race and you pass the person in second place, what place are you in? A farmer had 15 sheep and all but 8 died. How many are left? Emily’s father has three daughters. The first two are named April and May. What is the third daughter’s name? How many cubic feet of dirt are there in a hole that is 3’deep x 3’ wide x 3’ long? Age measured on a dropdown list from 18-90 or older How old are you? Wordsum+ (Cor, Haertel, Krosnick, & Malhotra, 2012). Items administered in fixed order according to item difficulty, participants given 210 seconds. [items redacted due to privacy concerns] Look at the words. Find the other word in the line which means the same or most nearly the same. Click on the button below that word which means the same or most nearly the same. Ethnicity Please indicate your ethnicity (select all that apply) ▢ White (1) ▢ Black or African American (0) ▢ American Indian or Alaska Native (0) ▢ Asian (0) ▢ Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (0) ▢ Other (0) Marijuana use Have you used Marijuana, THC or CBD two or more times in the past 30 days? o Yes (1) o No (0) Faith in Intuition (Epstein et al., 1996). All items administered on an unnumbered 1-5 scale from: Completely false (1); Probably false (2); Neither false nor true (3); Probably true (4); Completely true (5) Please indicate to what extent each of the following are true about yourself I trust my initial feelings about people. I believe in trusting my hunches. My initial impressions of people are almost always right. When it comes to trusting people, I can usually rely on my "gut feelings. I can usually feel when a person is right or wrong even if I can't explain how I know. Need for Cognition (Zhang et al., 2016) All items administered in random order on a 1-5 unnumbered scale from: Extremely uncharacteristic of me (1); Somewhat uncharacteristic of me (2); Uncertain (3); Somewhat characteristic of me (4); Extremely characteristic of me (5) For each statement below, indicate how well it describes you as follows: [extremely uncharacteristic of me; somewhat uncharacteristic of me; uncertain; somewhat characteristic of me; or extremely characteristic of me]. I would prefer simple to complex problems. I hate having the responsibility of handling a situation that requires a lot of thinking. Thinking is my idea of boring. I would rather do something that requires little thought than something that is sure to challenge my thinking abilities. I try to anticipate and avoid situations where there is likely chance that I will have to think in depth about something. I find it frustrating to deliberate hard and for long hours. I only think as hard as I have to. I prefer to think about small daily projects as opposed to long-term ones. I like tasks that require little thought once I've learned them. The idea of relying on thought to make my way to the top is unappealing to me. I enjoy task that involves using already known solutions to problems. Learning new ways to think makes me bored. I prefer the puzzles in my life to have easy solutions. The notion of thinking abstractly is boring to me. I would prefer a task that is somewhat important but requires little thought to one that is intellectual, difficult and important. I feel relief rather than satisfaction after completing a task that required a lot of mental effort. I usually care little about how or why something gets the job done. I usually only deliberate about issues that affect me personally. Brief Self-Control Scale: Restrain subscale (Maloney et al., 2012) All items adminsitered in random order on an unnumbered 5-pt scale from: Not at all like me (1); A little like me (2); Somewhat like me (3); Mostly like me (4); Very much like me (5) Please indicate how much each of the following statements describe you. I am good at resisting temptation I have a hard time breaking bad habits I wish I had more self-discipline People would say that I have iron self-discipline Brief Self-Control Scale: Impulsivity subscale (Maloney et al., 2012) All items administered in random order on an unnumbered 5-pt scale from: Not at all like me (1); A little like me (2); Somewhat like me (3); Mostly like me (4); Very much like me (5) Please indicate how much each of the following statements describe you. I do certain things that are bad for me, if they are fun Pleasure and fun sometimes keep me from getting work done I have trouble concentrating Sometimes I can’t stop myself from doing something, even if I know it is wrong I often act without thinking through all the alternatives Face/Name rememberer After meeting someone for the first time, on the second time meeting them are you more likely to remember their face, remember their name? or equally likely to remember their face and name? o More likely to remember their name (0) o Equally likely to remember their name and face (.5) o More likely to remember their face (1) Verbalizer scale (Green & Schroeder, 1990) All items in random order on a False/True scale [true = 1] Please indicate whether the following statements are False or True for you. I enjoy doing work that requires the use of words I can easily think of synonyms for words I have better than average fluency in using words I enjoy learning new words Visualizer scale (Green & Schroeder, 1990) All items in random order on a True/False scale [true = 1] Please indicate whether the following statements are True or False for you. My daydreams are sometimes so vivid I feel as though I actually experience the scene My powers of imagination are higher than average I seldom dream My dreams are extremely vivid My daydreams are rather indistinct and hazy My thinking often consists of mental pictures or images Mental Rotation Scale (Vandenberg & Kuse, 1978) All items presented in fixed order. For the actual test, participants will be random assigned to either the 5 items to a page with 90 seconds allowed for each page or 10 items to a page for 3 minutes per page. Wihtin each page, items will be presented in random order. This is a test of your ability to look at a drawing of a given object and find the same object within a set of dissimilar objects. The only difference between the original object and the chosen object will be that they are presented at different angles. An illustration of this principle is given below where the same single object is given in five different positions. Look at each of them to satisfy yourself that they are only presented at different angles from one another. Below are two drawings of new objects. They cannot be made to match the above five drawings. Please note that you may not turn over the objects. Satisfy yourself that they are different from the above. Now let’s do some sample problems. For each problem there is a primary object above the answers. You are to determine which two of four objects below are the same object given above them. In each problem always two of the four drawings are the same object as the one above them. You are to select the boxes below the correct ones, and leave the incorrect ones blank. The first sample problem is done for you. On the next page [participants will be randomly assigned to either the 4 pages with 5 items at 90 seconds condition, or the 10 items per page with 180 seconds each versions of the task]. Do the rest of the sample problems yourself. Which two drawings of the four below show the same object as the one above them? There are always two and only two correct answers for each problem. Select the two correct drawings. [3 sample items] Answers: (1) first and second drawings are correct (2) first and third drawings are correct (3) second and third drawings are correct This test has [four/two] pages. You will have [90 seconds/3 minutes] for each page. Remember: There are always two and only two correct answers for each item. Work as quickly as you can without sacrificing accuracy. Your score on this test will reflect both the correct and incorrect responses. Therefore, it will not be to your advantage to guess unless you have some idea which choice is correct. Santa Barbara Sense of Direction For the following task, please answer each question as it pertains to yourself normally, that is, not in the context of this experiment. This questionnaire consists of several statements about your spatial and navigational abilities, preferences, and experiences. After each statement, you should select a number to indicate your level of agreement with the statement. Choose "1" if you strongly agree that the statement applies to you, "7" if you strongly disagree, or some number in between if your agreement is intermediate. Choose "4" if you neither agree nor disagree. [all items on numbered 1-7 scale with 1 labeled strongly agree and 7 labeled Strongly Disagree] I am very good at giving directions. I have a poor memory for where I left things. I am very good at judging distances. My "sense of direction" is very good. I tend to think of my environment in terms of cardinal directions (N, S, E, W). I very easily get lost in a new city. I enjoy reading maps. I have trouble understanding directions. I am very good at reading maps. I don't remember routes very well while riding as a passenger in a car. I don't enjoy giving directions. It's not important to me to know where I am. I usually let someone else do the navigational planning for long trips. I can usually remember a new route after I have traveled it only once. I don't have a very good "mental map" of my environment. Spatial Anxiety Please rate your level of anxiety on a 5-point scale in the following scenarios. [all items in random order, scale points unnumbered A great deal = 5, A lot = 4, A moderate amount = 3, A little = 2, None at all = 1] Do you feel anxious when: Leaving a store that you have been to for the first time and deciding way to turn to get to a destination. Do you feel anxious when: Finding your way out of a complex arrangement of offices that you have visited for the first time. Do you feel anxious when: Pointing in the direction of a place outside that someone wants to get to and has asked you for directions when you are in a windowless room. Do you feel anxious when: Locating your car in a very large parking lot or parking garage. Do you feel anxious when: Trying a new route that you think will be a shortcut without the benefits of a map. Do you feel anxious when: Finding your way back to a familiar area after realizing you have made a wrong turn and become lost while traveling. Do you feel anxious when: Finding your way around in an unfamiliar mall. Do you feel anxious when: Finding your way to an appointment in an area if a city or town with which you are not familiar Do you feel anxious when: Finding your way back to your hotel after becoming lost in a new city. Do you feel anxious when: Asked to follow directions to a location across town without the use of a map Do you feel anxious when: Trying to get somewhere you have never been to before in the middle of an unfamiliar city Do you feel anxious when: Asked to do the navigation planning for a long car trip. Do you feel anxious when: Memorizing routes and landmarks on a map for an upcoming exam. Exploration Using the scale below, please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the following statements: When I have a chance, I like to explore different routes to get to my destination. [all questions in random order, on 7-point unnumbered scales from Strongly agree, Agree, Somewhat agree, Neither agree nor disagree, Somewhat disagree, Disagree, Strongly disagree] When I have a chance, I like to try a new route that I think will be a shortcut to my destination I prefer to follow my daily route or the way I have gone before to get to my destination. I prefer to plan and take a specific route to my destination instead of exploring a new way using my sense of direction. I prefer to try to find a detour rather than sitting in traffic, even if I’m not quite sure I can find a faster way. I frequently choose to try new routes when I travel. If I already know a route to get to my destination, I don't think it is important to find new routes in the environment. I don't like to take a new route unless I have a friend with a good sense of direction guiding me. GPS Use Please respond how much you RELY ON the benefits of a GPS in the following situation. (unfamiliar means you have traveled less than twice before in the situation described below.) [all items in random order on an unnumbered 5-pt scale from: Always, Most of the time, About half the time, Less than half of the time, never] Do you rely on GPS when: Deciding which direction to walk in an unfamiliar city or town after coming out of a train/bus/metro station. Do you rely on GPS when: Finding my way to an appointment in an unfamiliar area of a city or town. Do you rely on GPS when: Leaving a store that I have been to for a couple of times and deciding which way to turn to get to a destination. Do you rely on GPS when: Finding my way back to a familiar area after realizing I have made a wrong turn. Do you rely on GPS when: Returning from a familiar place to my home, if I have never gone home directly from this place before. Do you rely on GPS when: Taking a novel detour to a familiar place, due to a roadblock on my usual route. Do you rely on GPS when: Finding my way to an appointment in an area of a city or town with which I am only roughly familiar. Do you rely on GPS when: Traveling to a new place after getting someone’s directions. **References** Alexandrowicz, R. W., & Draxler, C. (2015). 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