Results and Discussion A chi-square test of independence was calculated comparing the percentage of correct identification in the experimental and control conditions. No significant relationship was found, χ²(1) = 1.782, p = .182. The target face was correctly selected by 44% of participants in the experimental condition and 56% of participants in the control condition. A chi-square test of independence was calculated comparing the ratio of the percentage selecting the wrong face (misidentification) to the percentage indicating “not present” (miss) across the experimental and control conditions. No significant relationship was found, χ²(1) = .701, p = .402. In the experimental condition approximately 39% of the errors were misidentifications compared to 50% of the errors in the control condition. We also examined the confidence ratings of participants using a 2 (Condition: Experimental vs. Control) x 2 (Accuracy: Correct vs. Incorrect/Miss) analysis of variance (ANOVA). This test yielded a significant main effect of Condition, F(1, 106) = 5.954, p = .016. The average confidence rating was significantly higher for participants in the experimental condition (M = 4.87, SD = 0.98) than for participants in the control condition (M = 4.36, SD = 1.24). The main effect of Accuracy was not significant, F(1, 106) = 0.231, p = .632. The interaction between condition and accuracy was not significant, F(1, 106) = 2.595, p = .110. Note: The assumption of homogeneity of variances was violated, F(3, 106) = 2.82, p = .042. Overall, our results do not support the verbal overshadowing effect. Although we found that verbally rehearsing an image impairs later recognition of that image, it was not a statistically significant effect. This finding may be an example of the decline effect, which may explain the decreasing effect sizes found by Schooler and others. Interestingly, despite having less success in recognition, individuals who verbally rehearsed the image of the “robber” were more confident in their answers.