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Languages that allow indexicals (e.g. I, you) to shift away from the actual context of the utterance are subject to a ‘Shift-Together’ requirement: Two 'shifty indexicals’ in the same domain either both shift or neither shifts (e.g. Anand & Nevins 2004). Bylinina et al. (2014) extend ‘Shift-Together’ to a broader class of perspective-sensitive elements, e.g. predicates of personal taste (PPTs), spatial terms, logophoric reflexives. However, other work suggests that Shift-Together is violable, such that perspective-sensitive elements can have different perspectival centers (e.g. Anand & Korotkova 2016, Kneer et al 2016). However, most prior work focused on contexts where the 1st-person speaker is one of the competing attitude holders. This may distort judgments: the 1st person is known to be privileged, so perhaps whenever it is available, it has a strong effect. A clearer picture may emerge in contexts with multiple third-person attitude holders. To investigate this, we tested the shifting behavior of (i) predicates of personal taste (PPTs) and (ii) logophoric anaphors (pronouns, reflexives) in the nominal domain, in Representational NPs (RNPs, photograph of her/herself). Anaphors in RNPs are commonly argued to be logophoric, sensitive to semantic/pragmatic factors, exempt from Binding Theory (e.g. Kuno 1987, Reinhart & Reuland 1993). Crucially, prior work argues that both reflexives and pronouns in RNPs are sensitive to point-of-view (e.g. Kuno 1987, Tenny 2003). To test for Shift-Together, we conducted psycholinguistic experiments to test how and whether identification of PPTs’ perspectival centers (judges) relates to identification of the antecedent of logophoric anaphors. We find no evidence for Shift-Together, even when the PPT and anaphor are in the same nominal domain. Instead, we find that interpretation of evaluative content (PPT judges) is dissociated from interpretation of non-evaluative content (referential dependencies), even when both are perspective-sensitive. This challenges approaches using a unified broad-level shifting operator.
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