# Part 1: Dig into the level of county
The project of normalization of the immigrants' origins (including county names and village names) led by UBC Asian Library in 2005 has opened up opportunities to dig into finer granularity and discover nuanced patterns. That valuable work, however, has not been leveraged by scholars.
We replicated Peter Ward's graph of the change in immigrants' average height during the adolescent years and early adulthood, comparing a few birthyear cohorts, but dug to the county level. Below are the graphs for the immigrants from different counties, produced by R.
This is Peter Ward's original graph based off of all the immigrants in the registry:
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Source: Ward, W. P. (2013). Stature, migration and human welfare in south china, 1850-1930.Economics and Human Biology, 11(4), 488. 10.1016/j.ehb.2012.10.003
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Below are the graphs generated by R for different counties. Can you spot stark difference from Peter Ward's conclusions? Can you see for the cohort of 1900 to 1909, the **slump** in the immigrants' height after a rapid increase during adolescent years? This holds true for quite a few counties! What caused the slump in height of that cohort? We don't know, but this can be a question for historians! You can download the dataset and R script from this platform and get exactly same results as we did!
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Figure 1 Xinhui
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Figure 2 Kaiping
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Figure 3 Taishan
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Figure 4 Zhongshan
# Part 2: Dig into the level of villages-- Network Analysis
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Links between Immigrants' origins in China and Destinations in Canada (only the immigrants from County Zhongshan). A visualization produced by Palladio. <br />
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<a href="https://hdlab.stanford.edu/palladio/"> Palladio </a> is a historical data visualization tool developed by Standford Humanities + Design Lab. It's web-based so you don't have to install anything to your computer. Plus, it's really user friendly and easy to get started. Give it a try! You should be aware though, that there are some pitfalls to watch out for in exchange for its simplicity. For more information on this, you may read this <a href="http://blogs.ubc.ca/szhang/tutorials/"> blog post </a>.
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On this graph, each number represents a village in China, connecting to one or more destinations in Canada. <br />
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What emerged from this graph is the "constellations of villages", with each constellation showing similar migration patterns. Most interestingly, can you see a constellation of villages in the upper middle area that stands out from the rest of the villages? No only did these villages send relatively more immigrants, but also they were connected with more destinations in Canada in comparison. So a new research question emerged here: **Could these villages be geographically related?**
