Using a randomized controlled experimental design, we explored the effects of applying prolonged exposure therapy during the reconsolidation of PTSD patients’ traumatic memory or a neutral memory. We hypothesized that retrieving the traumatic memory before delivering the therapeutic procedure would produce stronger decreases in reactivity to these memories than if prolonged exposure was delivered after retrieving a neutral, non-related memory. The results support our predictions in terms of physiological reactivity to the traumatic memory, but not in terms of subjective responses, measured by a self-report instrument.