Sample ------ The final sample will consist of 120 White students from the University of Warwick community (age range 18-25 years, 50-80% females). We will recruit between 40-60% of participants via the Warwick Psychology subject pool, and they will receive course credit for participation. We will recruit the remaining 40-60% of participants via poster advertisements around the Warwick University campus, and these participants will be paid at the standard research participation rate of £3 for 30 mins. Exclusion principles -------------------- We will only test participants who meet the demographic requirements for the sample—that is, 18-25 year old White students. We will exclude any participants immediately after testing, but prior to examining recognition task performance, who fail to follow instructions or to complete the entire experiment. Participants will also be excluded if the experimenter fails to administer the tasks or instructions correctly, or if there are technical problems with the presentation of the experiment. Stopping rule ------------- Data collection will end when we have 60 participants in each condition, not including any participants that need to be excluded for the reasons given above. Testing environment/Materials ----------------------------- We will use the study materials from the original Schooler and Engstler-Schooler (1990) experiment, including the critical video, test image, instructions and filler task. Participants will be tested in person, individually in testing cubicles that are equipped with modern standard windows 7 PCs with 19 inch monitors. The experiment will be programmed in PsychoPy Version 1.76.00. Random assignment ----------------- Subjects will be assigned individually to conditions. We will generate a randomly ordered list of condition assignments such that we have 60 subjects in each condition, and subjects will be assigned to a condition as they arrive, based on that random ordering. If a participant needs to be excluded, we will replace them immediately with the next available participant. Procedure --------- Nearly all of the experiment will be computer-based, thus participants will be seated at a computer and receive instructions on the computer. First, participants will be told that they are participating in a study of memory and perception. The experimenter will enter the participant’s demographic and experiment information (age, gender, session number, condition) into the first screen. After this, the experiment will run as follows: - The following instructions will appear on the computer screen: *Thank you for participating in our experiment. This experiment consists of several tasks. First, please pay close attention to the following video. Press "space" to continue.* After the participant presses "space" the bank robber movie will begin. - Next, the participant will see the following instructions: *The second task starts now. Please ask the experimenter to give you a sheet of paper and a pen.* The subject is then given a paper and a pen for the next task and the experimenter will press space to continue the experiment. - In the following slide, depending on the participant’s condition, the participant will receive either the verbal-overshadowing instruction to describe the robber’s appearance, or the control instruction to list as many countries and their capitals as they can. - The instructions for this task will be: *Please describe the appearance of the bank robber in as much detail as possible. It is important that you attempt to describe all of his different facial features. Please write down everything that you can think of regarding the bank robberʼs appearance. It is important that you try to describe him for the full 5 minutes. If you are ready press "space" to continue.* Or *Please name as many countries and their capitals as you can. It is important that you continue for the full 5 minutes. If you are ready press "space" to continue.* - Pressing space starts a timer and the participant will see the following instructions on the screen: *From now, you have five minutes to describe the robber's appearance.* Or *From now you have 5 minutes to list the countries and their capitals.* - After three minutes participants will hear a short tone and they will view a reminder: *Please continue describing every detail of the bank robber. It is important that you provide as full a description as possible. It is important that you continue this task for the full five minutes.* OR *Please continue to name as many countries and their capitals as you can. It is important that you continue this task for the full five minutes.* - Once five minutes is up, participants will hear another tone and see the following instructions: *Your time is up. Please pass your written responses to the experimenter and then please press "space" to continue.* - Participants will then receive the following instructions: *The third task starts now. Please ask the experimenter to give you a crossword puzzle. You will have 20 minutes to work on it. The experimenter will hand over the crossword puzzle and press space to start the timer for the puzzle task.* - At five minutes intervals a reminder will appear on the screen to inform the participant how much time is left : *15 minutes left/... 10 minutes left.... 5 minutes left......* Once the 20 minutes is up, participants will hear a short tone and see the following instructions: *You have now finished this task. Please put the sheet aside and press space to continue.* - Next the lineup instructions will appear: *Next you will see a lineup with 8 faces. Please identify the individual in the lineup who you believe was the bank robber in the video you watched earlier. Indicate your choice by pressing the number on the keyboard of the person you want to select. If you do not believe the bank robber is present please indicate 'not present' by pressing the number zero. Press ʻspaceʼ to view the lineup.* - On the next slide, the participant sees the lineup picture (picture size 1000x744 pixel). They will have unlimited time to respond and will not be able to proceed until they have provided a response. - Next, the following instructions appear: *Please indicate your confidence in your selection from the lineup on a scale from 1 (guessing) to 7 (certain). Use the mouse to click on the scale on the position you want to select.* The participant will see a rating scale and will use the mouse to indicate his/her choice. - The participant then reaches the end of the experiment and see the following: *This is the end of the experiment. Thank you for participating.*