Children's use of race and gender as cues to social status

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Social hierarchies are ubiquitous and determine a range of outcomes, yet little is known about when children develop beliefs about status hierarchies in their communities. The present studies (3.5-6.9 years; *N* = 420) found that children begin to use gender and race as cues to status in early childhood, but that gender and race related to different status dimensions. Children expected males to be socially dominant, but this expectation was unrelated to gender-based preferences. Children expected White people to be wealthier than Black people and these expectations weakly related to pro-White bias among some populations of children. Children’s status-expectations were unrelated to beliefs about their own status, suggesting children more readily apply category-based status beliefs to others than to themselves.

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