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Description: Studies with English-speaking adults showed that phonological neighborhood density (PND) influenced both word production and recognition: a dense neighborhood facilitated production but inhibited recognition. Importantly, these effects are not universal across languages. A strong reverse PND pattern was found in Spanish-speaking adults: a dense neighborhood inhibited production but facilitated recognition, indicating that PND effects depend on morphological complexity. Although there are investigations on how PND influences word production and recognition in adults, effects are largely unknown for young children, especially in languages with a rich morphological system. This study aims to explore how PND affects word production and recognition in four-to-six-year-old Russian children in comparison to adults. Our results are in line with the study in Spanish: Russian pre-schoolers show a tendency to the adult-like positive PND effect in word production and a strong adult-like PND effect in recognition. These data point to the developmental trajectory of PND effects in Russian.