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Description: Among educators in schools, formative assessment (FA) is an important strategy that involves gathering and interpreting information about students' learning progress and adapting the teaching to enhance learning during the teaching and learning (Evans et al., 2014). FA is all the processes by which teachers and/or learners use information about students' achievement levels to adjust students’ learning (Schildkamp et al., 2020). FA integrated into instruction that directs students’ orientation toward growth and the capacity to learn, supporting learning (Ismail et al., 2022). Therefore, the identification of the most effective formative assessment approaches is of utmost importance. The aim of this umbrella review is to summarize and compare the meta-analytically determined efficacy of formative assessment approaches in primary and secondary students and to provide a fine-grained view of the efficacy in terms of learning gain or enhanced learning. The umbrella review will also assess the quality of published meta-analyses investigating the effects of FA on learning.