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Description: It has been 30 years since a large cross-cultural study was carried out testing people's understanding of masculinity and femininity (Williams & Best, 1990). This study is part of a larger, umbrella project that is collecting data from over 40 countries to determine how people think about men and women today. In this project, we examine the isomorphism of a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs. Precarious manhood beliefs are beliefs that manhood, relative to womanhood, is a social status that (1) is hard to earn, (2) is easy to lose, and (3) must be demonstrated repeatedly via public action. We test whether the brief, 4-item Precarious Manhood Beliefs (PMB) scale demonstrates statistical isomorphism across at least 45 (and up to 56) countries. We also examine the unique associations of the PMB with two cross-culturally validated measures of gender beliefs: the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996), and the Ambivalence toward Men Scale (Glick & Fiske, 1999). Finally, we examine whether the PMB correlates with country-level indicators of gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and human development (the Human Development Index).