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Research on emotion regulation (ER) suggests that during an ER process people tend to use more than one strategy, yet studies continue to rely on the manipulation of one strategy alone. This study compared different regulation strategies during stressful social situations on subjective, physiological, and behavioural responses. Using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), 100 participants gave a job interview speech and performed a mental arithmetic task in front of two judges. Participants were randomly assigned to use one of two emotional regulation strategies during the TSST: Combined Cognitive Reappraisal (CCR: acceptance and reappraise via perspective-taking) or Suppression of Emotional Expression (SEE). Continuous electrocardiography was recorded to measure heart rate variability (HRV) and stress levels. Affective ratings were provided before and after the TSST. Also, the participant’s behavioural expressions during the TSST were videotaped and analysed by three independent coders. Trait social anxiety/fear was also measured using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, as well as age and gender, which were used as covariates. Although no group differences were found on affective ratings, the CCR group presented less physiological stress, higher HRV, expressed higher satisfaction with the emotion regulation process, displayed more often affiliative smile and hand gestures to clarify an idea, and were perceived as performing better in the speech task. Overall, our data suggested that CCR is more appropriate than SEE for managing social stress situations.
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