Galaxy Formation and Evolution in the Next Decade: the ALMA2030 vision In the past decade, the performance capabilities of the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) have enabled new insights into the conditions for galaxy formation, and the mechanisms that drive galaxy evolution throughout cosmic time. Yet pushing the limits of our understanding of the young Universe requires ever higher sensitivity and spatial resolution observations across ever wider spectral windows. This talk will present key open questions in the field of galaxy formation and evolution that can be addressed through the foreseen spectroscopic capabilities of "ALMA2030". I will discuss how the next generation ALMA correlator can significantly improve the detection of multiple spectral lines that trace the cool gas of distant galaxies. Ultimately, I will review the applications of those lines to unveil the processes that established the content of matter, structure, and dynamics of modern galaxies like the Milky Way.