The aim of this project is to investigate whether delusion-proneness in the healthy population is associated with Evidence Integration Impairment (EII) measured by an online version of the Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) task as well as the relationship between delusion proneness, EII, and beliefs in alternative facts.
**Hypotheses**
1. Delusion proneness (PDI) is positively associated with elevated scores of conspiracy thinking related to the Covid-pandemic measured by CVD19Q.
2. Delusion proneness (PDI) is positively associated with elevated scores of conspiracy thinking measured by CMQ.
3. Delusion proneness (PDI) is positively associated with elevated scores of EBS components: Feelings and Politics, and negatively associated with EBS component Evidence.
4. Delusion proneness (PDI) is associated with higher scores of Evidence Integration Impairment (EII) in an online version of a BADE task.
5. The relationship between PDI and COVID-19 Questionnaire (CVD19Q) is mediated by EII such that the relationship is stronger with increased magnitude of EII.
6. The relationship between PDI and conspiracy thinking (CMQ) is mediated by EII such that the relationship is stronger with increased magnitude of EII.
**Endpoints**
Peters Delusion Ideation inventory (PDI) scores (Peters et al., 1999)
Evidence Integration Impairment (EII) scores (Bronstein & Cannon, 2018; Woodward et al., 2006)
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Conspiracy Questionnaire (CVD19Q) scores (See below for questions included)
Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire (CMQ) scores (Bruder et al., 2013)
Epistemic Belief Scale (EBS) (Garrett & Weeks, 2017)
**Additional hypotheses**
Additionally, when the population has been offered to be vaccinated we hypothesize that:
7. PDI will predict future vaccination; higher scores of PDI is negatively associated with vaccinations.
8. CVD19Q will predict future vaccination; higher scores of CVD19Q is negatively associated with vaccinations.
9. CMQ will predict future vaccination; higher scores of CMQ is negatively associated with vaccination.
10. Evidence Integration Impairment (EII) in an online version of a BADE task will predict future vaccination; higher scores of EII is negatively associated with vaccination.
**COVID-19 Questionnaire**
1. I am trying to wash hands regularly to prevent the spread of the virus.
2. I am trying to avoid using public transport.
3. I am skeptical that any of the employed precautions will help to prevent or slow–down spread of the virus.
4. I am following the news in order to stay updated on recommended precautions regarding the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).
5. I am trying to stay at home avoiding contacts with other people.
6. The ongoing outbreak is a serious event, which, if not taken seriously, can lead to many deaths and other catastrophic consequences.
7. The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) poses very little danger to my personal health.
8. Scientific conclusions about the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) are shaped by politics.
9. There is a vaccine or cure for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that the government won't release.
10. The spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19) is a result of a secret initiative to handle the consequences of global warming.
11. Current situation around coronavirus (COVID–19) is a secret experiment to test how masses can be effectively controlled.
12. Official sources of information on COVID–19 cannot be trusted.
13. The magnitude and consequences of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak are deliberately twisted.
14. Progress toward a cure for the coronavirus is deliberately being hindered.
15. The rapid spread of the virus is the result of the deliberate, concealed efforts.
16. The real danger of the coronavirus is deliberately withheld from the public.
17. The ongoing outbreak is the result of a secret experiment on citizens.
18. Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a result of biochemical warfare.
19. SARS-CoV-2 was deliberately spread to target specific populations.
20. Current situation around coronavirus (COVID–19) was deliberately initiated to reduce global political tensions.
21. The spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a sign from a higher power that wants to punish the human race.
22. The spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the universe's/nature's way of stopping the global catastrophe.
**References**
Bronstein, M. V., & Cannon, T. D. (2018). Measuring bias against disconfirmatory evidence: An evaluation of BADE task scoring methods and the case for a novel method. Psychiatry Research, 261, 535–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.007
Bruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., & Imhoff, R. (2013). Measuring Individual Differences in Generic Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories Across Cultures: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00225
Garrett, R. K., & Weeks, B. E. (2017). Epistemic beliefs’ role in promoting misperceptions and conspiracist ideation. PLoS ONE, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184733
Peters, E. R., Joseph, S. A., & Garety, P. A. (1999). Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: Introducing the PDI (Peters et al. Delusions Inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(3), 553–576. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033401
Woodward, T. S., Moritz, S., Cuttler, C., & Whitman, J. C. (2006). The contribution of a cognitive bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) to delusions in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(4), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390590949511