Participants will be invited to complete a questionnaire on a computer in the lab at the Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, 30 Alta Rd, Stanford. All participants will go through four procedures: Procedure 1, Procedure 2, Procedure 3, and Procedure 4 (described below). Half of the participants will be randomly assigned to answer the questionnaire in the order Procedure 1, Procedure 2, Procedure 3, and Procedure 4. The other half will answer the questionnaire in the order Procedure 2, Procedure 1, Procedure 3, and Procedure 4. Procedure 1. Participants will first be prompted to test their speakers by clicking the play button on an embedded audio clip. On the following screen, participants will watch a brief video welcoming them to the study. Then, participants will read: “Next, we would like you to play a game for about two minutes and then tell us how you felt about it. This game will give you a chance to practice mental visualization by tossing a ball. You will play the game as you would with two other people on a playground. The game is very simple. When the ball is tossed to you, simply click on the name of the player you want to throw the ball to. It is important that you MENTALLY VISUALIZE the entire experience. Imagine what the other people look like. What sort of players are they? Where are you playing? Is it warm and sunny or cold and rainy? Create in your mind a complete mental picture of what might be going on if you were playing this game by actually throwing a real ball with two other people. After you play the game for about two minutes, you will be told the game is finished. When you click "Continue", you will see a black screen for a few seconds, and then the game will begin.” On the next screen, participants will read: “Welcome to Cyberball, the Interactive Ball-Tossing Game used for Mental Visualization! When you’re ready to begin, please click on the PLAY button below.” After clicking “PLAY,” participants will play a ball-tossing game called Cyberball (Williams, 2017). Participants will have the option to throw the ball to two computer-controlled players (“Player 1” and “Player 2”) in the game. The first throw in the game will be made by Player 1 to the participant. Player 1 will be placed in the middle-left part of the screen, Player 2 in the middle-right part of the screen, and the participant-controlled character will be placed at the bottom-middle part of the screen. To pass the ball, the participant will click on Player 1 or Player 2’s avatar. The throws made by the two computer-controlled players will be predetermined by a throwing schedule, and each throw will be randomly determined to be delayed for 1, 2, or 3 seconds. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two throw schedules (see Table 1). Participants randomly assigned to the included condition will play with two computer-controlled players who will be predetermined to toss the ball the same number of times to the participant as to each other. Participants in the ostracized condition will play with two computer- controlled players who will be predetermined to toss the ball twice to the participant at the beginning of the game and then toss the ball only amongst themselves. After thirty throws, the game will end, and all participants will read, “You have now finished playing the game. Please press the continue button at the bottom-right corner of your screen so you can answer some questions about your opinions on various issues.” The continue button will be set to appear 110 seconds after the game starts loading. After pressing continue, participants will report how much they trust other people, how fair other people treat them, and how helpful other people are (one question per screen). The order of the three questions will be randomly determined for each participant. Next, participants will report, on one question per screen, their satisfaction with life, their optimism about the future, how rejected, good, important they feel, and how much influence they had over what happened in the game. Lastly, participants will report how often they felt good, angry, happy, and sad during the game (one question per screen). The order of the five questions will be randomly determined for each participant. Procedure 2. Participants will first be prompted to test their speakers by clicking the play button on an embedded audio clip. On the following screen, participants will watch a brief video welcoming them to the study. On the next screen, participants will read, “Next, you will watch a video. After you watch the video, we'll ask you some questions about it.” The screen that follows will then display a window where participants may click to show a video. Above that video window will appear this instruction: “Please click the button below to start the video.” and below the window will appear this instruction: “After you have watched the entire video, the “continue” button will appear below.” Participants will watch an excerpt of a fictional television program, in the middle of which will be an advertisement for either McDonald’s or Prudential (randomly assigned). The “continue” button on this screen will be set to appear after 251 seconds (the full length of the video). On individual screens, participants will report how interesting the show was, how much they enjoyed watching it, and how interested they would be in watching the rest of the show. Next, participants will describe what they remembered about the advertisement, what company was being advertised, if they remembered seeing the advertisement before, how sure they were about seeing or not seeing it before, [if they had seen it before:] how many times they had seen it before, how much they liked the advertisement, how funny they thought it was, and how interesting they thought it was (one question per screen). The participants will also report how happy, tense, angry, worried, and sad they currently feel (one question per screen). The order of these five questions will be randomly determined for each participant. After answering questions about the video, participants will report how much they like McDonald’s, McDonald’s food, McDonald’s french fries, and french fries in general (one question per screen). Each participant will then report their purchase intentions for McDonald’s products, McDonald’s french fries, french fries in general, stock in McDonald’s, how smart it would be to buy stock in McDonald’s, and how likely they are to recommend McDonald’s, McDonald’s french fries, and McDonald’s food (one question per screen). Then, each participant will report how many people they think buy food at McDonald’s each day, and what percent of U.S. adults like McDonald’s, McDonald’s food, and french fries, and what percent of U.S. adults they think have eaten at McDonald’s and how much money was spent at McDonald’s worldwide last year (one question per screen). Each participant will then report if they are willing to buy french fries from McDonald’s for the price listed. Each participant will be randomly assigned to see either $1.39, $1.59, $1.79, $1.99, or $2.19 as the price for the french fries (see the Appendix – Company evaluation questions). Participants will then read, “Next, you will watch another video. After you watch that video, we'll ask you some questions about it.” The screen that will follow displays a window where participants may click to show a video of an advertisement. Above that video window will appear this instruction: “Please click the button below to start the video.” and below the window will appear this instruction: “After you have watched the entire video, the “continue” button will appear below.” Participants who had earlier watched the McDonald’s advertisement will see the Prudential advertisement, and participants who had earlier watched the Prudential advertisement will see the McDonald’s advertisement. The “continue” button on this screen will be set to appear after 61 seconds. Participants will then describe what they remember about the second advertisement, what company was being advertised, if they remember seeing it before, how sure they were about seeing or not seeing it, [if they had seen it before:] how many times they had seen it before, how much they liked the second advertisement, how funny they think it was, and how interesting they think it was (one question per screen). Procedure 3. Participants will be randomly assigned into two groups: participants in the first group will evaluate Democratic politicians and the Democratic Party first and then evaluate Republican politicians and the Republican Party for each question about Democratic politicians, Republican politicians, the Democratic Party, or the Republican Party. Participants assigned to the second group will instead evaluate Republican politicians and the Republican Party first, and then Democratic politicians and the Democratic Party. After being assigned to one of these groups, participants will report their trust in, their liking of, and their respect for Democratic/Republican politicians (one question per screen). Participants will then report their political party identification, liberal and conservative ideology, and their interest in politics (one question per screen). Then, each participant will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, least to most fair, and most to least fair. Participants assigned to control will report how fair elections are, how well democracy is working, how many elections are conducted fairly, how much they trust the results of elections, whether they approve of how names are ordered on ballots, and how fair the way that names are ordered is (one question per screen). Next, participants assigned to control will report their best guess of how candidates are ordered on ballots, and whether they think that the order of names affect election results in the U.S. Then, they will report whether they remember hearing or reading about ballot name order effects before, and whether they think a law should be passed that requires the U.S. states to rotate the order of the candidate names. Participants assigned to least to most fair will read, “Next, we will tell you about various ways that states order candidate names in their elections.” On the four screens that follow, these participants will read about eight different ballot name orders used in the U.S. The name orders will be ordered from the least to the most fair. Next, participants assigned to least to most fair will read that researchers have found ballot name orders have influenced election outcomes and why voters may be affected by name orders. On the same screen, they will rate whether they think the researchers’ methods can accurately reveal name order effects. Then, participants assigned to least to most fair will report whether they find the results convincing, whether they remember hearing about such findings before, how fair elections are, how well democracy is working, how many elections are conducted fairly, how much they trust the results of elections, whether they approve of how names are ordered on ballots, how fair the way that names are ordered is, and whether they think a law should be passed that requires the U.S. states to rotate the order of the candidate names (one question per screen). Participants assigned to most to least fair will read, “Next, we will tell you about various ways that states order candidate names in their elections.” On the four screens that follow, these participants will read about eight different ballot name orders used in the U.S. The name orders will be ordered from the most to least fair (for the exact wording of the ballot name orders, see Appendix – Name orders). Next, participants assigned to most to least fair will read that researchers have found ballot name orders have influenced election outcomes and why voters may be affected by name orders. On the same screen, they will rate whether they think the researchers’ methods can accurately reveal name order effects. Then, participants assigned to most to least fair will report whether they find the results convincing, whether they remember hearing about such findings before, how fair elections are, how well democracy is working, how many elections are conducted fairly, how much they trust the results of elections, whether they approve of how names are ordered on ballots, how fair the way that names are ordered is, and whether they think a law should be passed that requires the U.S. states to rotate the order of the candidate names (one question per screen). Procedure 4. Participants will then be randomly assigned to watch one out of two videos: (1) Control video: Participants will watch a 30-second AT&T commercial unrelated to global warming or politics. (2) Treatment video: Participants will watch a 30-second global warming video made by the Fenton organization in which various Republican politicians express their beliefs that global warming has been happening, that the federal government should take action to deal with global warming, and that the government doing things about global warming will be good for the economy. The links to the videos can be found in a separate document. After watching the video, participants will report if they had seen the video before, if they had heard about the topic before, and how interesting, difficult, and how much they enjoyed watching the video. Next, all participants will report their beliefs about global warming and their perceptions of Democratic/Republican politicians' consensus, and their perceptions of Democratic/Republican adults’ consensus on global warming beliefs. Then, participants will report their perceptions of Democratic/Republican adults’ consensus on global warming beliefs, attitudes toward actions to deal with global warming, and job approval for the six politicians that will appear in the Fenton video. The order of the six job approval questions will be randomly determined for each participant. Participants will also be randomly assigned to report the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions about global warming above with either the term “global warming” or the term “climate change” whenever one of these terms are mentioned in the question stems. Lastly, participants will report if they remember what percent of throws they reported as having received during the ball-tossing game, and if they remember how much trust in other people they reported (one question per screen). The order of the two recall questions will be randomly determined for each participant. At the end of the questionnaire, participants will report their gender, education, age, ethnicity, race, income, and zip code.