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Dual-task costs might result from confusions on the task-set level as both tasks are not represented as distinct task-sets, but rather being integrated into a single task-set. This suggests that events in the two tasks are stored and retrieved together as an integrated memory episode. In a series of 3 experiments we tested for such integrated task processing and whether it can be modulated by contingencies. Building on the experimental approach of feature binding in action control, we tested whether the participants in a dual-tasking experiment will show partial repetition costs: They should be slower when only one of the two tasks is repeated from Trial n-1 to Trial n than when both tasks repeat. In all 3 experiments, the participants processed a visual-manual and an auditory-vocal tone-discrimination task which were always presented concurrently. In Experiment 1, we show that retrieval of Trial n-1 episodes is stable across practice if the stimulus material is drawn randomly. Across-task contingencies (Experiment 2) and sequential regularities within a task (Experiment 3) can compete with n-1 based retrieval leading to a reduction of partial repetition costs with practice. Overall the results suggest that participants do not separate the processing of the two tasks, yet, within-task contingencies might reduce integrated task processing.
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