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Description: No other form of violence aims as much at a person's gendered identity as sexual violence. What are the effects of victimization and exposure to sexual violence on individuals' under-standing of their gender roles? How lasting are these effects? And how are they transmitted across generations? We investigate these questions by comparatively studying two of the most extreme cases of known mass wartime sexual violence in Europe, mass rapes follow-ing the Soviet occupation of Germany after WWII, and the systematic use of sexual violence during the war in Bosnia & Hercegovina (BiH) in the 1990s. Using original data collected from individuals spanning up to three post-war generations, we probe outcomes in the di-mensions of household decision-making, militarized masculinity, and gendered political preferences and participation. Data collection will take place from September to December 2024, and we aim to collect around 2,600 observations per country, of which 600 will be from members of the same family belonging to different generations. We will validate our find-ings using variation in the locations of Soviet outposts in 1946 in Germany, and of prisoner camps in BiH.