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Description: The framing effect occurs when different presentations of the same problem lead to predictably different preferences. The dual-process framework of higher cognition assumes that the effect violates rational principles, but alternative accounts and recent evidence have contested this interpretation. Contributing to this debate, we tested the dual-process assumption by investigating associations between susceptibility to framing and the willingness and ability to think in line with rational norms, conceptualized as actively open-minded thinking and pseudo-profound bullshit receptivity, or the tendency to uncritically accept meaningless statements as profound. We conducted two online studies among North American (N = 259) and Bulgarian (N = 248) university students and administered several framing problems within subjects, presumably a necessary condition for the associations to appear. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that susceptibility to framing was associated with decreased actively open-minded thinking and increased bullshit receptivity in both sites. Exploratory multi-group analyses demonstrated partial strong invariance and showed that the negative association between actively open-minded thinking and susceptibility to framing was stronger among Bulgarians than North Americans. These results support the dual-process account of the framing effect. Our study further contributes to adapting existing measures to a novel setting and expanding the findings across borders and populations.

License: CC-By Attribution 4.0 International

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Title: Actively Open-Minded Thinking, Bullshit Receptivity, and Susceptibility to Framing: Evaluating the Dual-Process Account in North America and Bulgaria

Description: In this project, we conducted an online study in North America (N = 259) and Bulgaria (N = 248) to test the dual-process assumption by investigating associations between susceptibility to framing and actively open-minded t…

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Actively Open-Minded ThinkingBullshit ReceptivityConfirmatory Factor AnalysisDual-Process TheoryFraming EffectPsychometrics

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