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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Mounting evidence from human studies suggests that environmental exposure to toxic metals is associated with increased risk for CVD and related risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, even in early life. Several demographic and behavioral risk factors for CVD have been observed, but a growing number of investigations suggest that environmental exposures, such as metals, may play a role. Recognizing that humans are exposed to multiple metals simultaneously, advanced statistical methods have been developed to overcome some of the challenges inherent to evaluating multiple correlated contaminants. However, to date no review has examined the current body of literature investigating associations between metal mixture exposures and CVD risk factors or outcomes using multi-pollutant approaches. To address this gap, we will conduct a scoping review to summarize previous studies which applied environmental mixture approaches to investigate associations between multiple metal exposures and CVD risk factors or outcomes (e.g. CVD, hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and dyslipidemia). We will systematically search commonly used electric database, such as PubMed and EMBASE, for published articles employing multi-pollutant statistical methods in the association of exposure to metal mixtures with CVD risk factors or outcomes. Human general population will be imposed as inclusion criteria, with no language restriction. The search results will be narratively synthesized and reported following Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology. General findings from the selected studies will be summarized, with the most commonly used statistical methods and consistently observed associations of individual metals within a mixture with CVD risk factors or outcomes. Recommendations for future research on metal mixtures and CVD-related outcomes will be discussed.
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