Add Method details here ----------------------- Sample size: n ≥ 140 total, with n ≥ 70 in each of the two conditions. Sample demographics: Undergraduate subject pool or equivalent, recruited among undergraduate students of UNISOB (Università Suor Orsola Benincasa). NOT Psychology students. Age range 18-25 years Between 20% and 80% female, All subjects will be White. Must be able to understand the instructions and have vision adequate to watch the video and see the images. Testing location: In-person testing Subjects must not be able to see or hear each other when responding or when viewing stimuli. They will be tested individually, in a sound-proof cublicle. Experimenter: Trained research assistant, with experience collecting experimental psychology data and interacting with subjects. Data collection: • The video will be shown on a computer display. Confidence ratings and written descriptions will be made on paper. Subjects will be blind to the hypothesis about verbal overshadowing and unaware of any conditions other than their own (i.e., subjects in the experimental condition will not know that there is a control condition, and vice versa). Subjects will be randomly assigned to the experimental and control conditions with the constraint that approximately equal numbers of subjects (70) are assigned to each condition. We will have a randomly ordered list of 200 participants, so as to ensure a minimum of 50/condition if we have to exclude a relevant number of Ss. Specifically, whenever, for any of the reasons reported below, we need to exclude a participant, he/she will immediately replaced by another participant from the list. Subjects will not know they are participating in a recognition memory task. The signup for the study will describe it as a study of perception and memory. Data from a subject may be excluded if: They did not follow instructions on the experimental or control task They did not complete all tasks The Experimenter incorrectly administered the task or instructions Data will be excluded prior to examining the recognition task performance and be based on factors unrelated to the outcome measures. Any excluded data and the reason for exclusion will be identified and included in the data sets. Procedure*: Subjects are recruited to participate in a study of memory and perception Subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental condition or the control condition. Subjects are told: “This experiment consists of several tasks. First, please pay close attention to the following video” (Translation: L’esperimento consisterà in una serie di compiti. Per prima cosa, segui attentamente il video che ti mostriamo). Subjects view a 30-second video depicting a bank robbery. Subjects receive different instructions depending on their condition assignment: Experimental Condition: “Please describe the appearance of the bank robber in as much detail as possible. It is important that you attempt to describe all of his different facial features. Please write down everything that you can think of regarding the bank robber’s appearance. It is important that you try to describe him for the full 5 minutes” Control Condition: “Please name as many countries and their capitals as you can.” (Translation: Per cortesia, descrivi il rapinatore di banca in maniera più dettagliata possibile. E’ importante che provi a descrivere tutte le diverse caratteristiche del suo volto. Scrivi tutto ciò che ritieni possa riguardare l’aspetto del rapinatore. E’ importante che provi a descriverlo per tutti i 5 minuti a tua disposizione”) . After 3 minutes, each group will receive the following reminder out loud : Experimental Condition: “Please continue describing every detail of the bank robber. It is important that you provide as full a description as possible” (Translation: “Per cortesia, continua a descrivere ogni dettaglio del rapinatore. E’ importante fornire una descrizione più completa possibile”). Control Condition: “Please continue to list to name of countries and their capitals. It is important that you continue this task for the full five minutes.” (Translation: “Per cortesia, continua ad elencare tutti i paesi e le loro capitali. E’ importante che tu lo faccia per tutti i 5 minuti a tua disposizione). After 5 minutes of writing, all subjects will spend 20 minutes working on the provided crossword puzzle. Each participant will be given a printed copy of the puzzle. Subjects view the lineup of 8 faces and identify the one they saw in the robbery video or report that it wasn’t present (recorded as 0 in the data sheet). They will read the following instructions: “Next you will see an lineup with 8 faces. Please identify the individual in the line up who you believe was the bank robber in the video you watched earlier. If you do not believe the bank robber is present please indicate ‘not present’” Subjects rate their confidence in their selection. They will be given the following instructions: “Please indicate your confidence in your selection from the lineup on a scale from 1 (guessing) to 7 (certain).” (Translation: ora vedrai una scheda con 8 volti. Per cortesia, identifica nella scheda la persona che credi sia il rapinatore di banca visto nel video di poco fa, premendo il tasto numerico corrispondente. Se pensi che non ci sia, premi il tasto “0” = non presente”). * Instructions were translated into Italian and then backward translated into English by the University of Chieti and by UNISOB, independently. Both Laboratories will use the same translated materials and dubbed video on which there has been full agreement.