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Description: In the past decade, researchers have been increasingly interested in understanding the process of language learning, in addition to the effect of instructional interventions on L2 performance gains (i.e., learning products). One goal of such investigations is to reveal the interplay between learning conditions, processes, and outcomes in that, for example, certain conditions can promote attention to the learning targets, which in turn facilitates learning. However, the statistical modeling approach taken often does not align with the conceptualization of the complex relationships between these variables. In this paper, we introduce mediation analysis that can be applied to various research designs and data types. We offered a step-by-step, contextualized tutorial on the practical applications of mediation analysis in three different research scenarios with simulated or open-source dataset. Our overall goal is to promote the use of statistical techniques that are consistent with the theorization of language learning processes as mediators.