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Testing the Bottom-Up and Top-Down Models of Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
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Description: The present meta-analysis tests the bottom-up and top-down models of self-esteem, by synthesizing the available longitudinal evidence on prospective effects between global self-esteem and domain-specific self-esteem in eight domains (i.e., academic abilities, physical appearance, athletic abilities, morality, romantic relationships, social acceptance, and mathematics and verbal abilities).