Representing nearly 30% of global land area, agricultural ecosystems are essential for providing services and goods. While agriculture improvements have greatly increased the global food supply, crop intensification has led worldwide to diminished water availability and quality, reduced carbon sequestration, and increased eutrophication. After 2013, EU agro-environmental policies have subsidised farmers that have simultaneously produced standard commodities while delivering water and habitat protection, by dedicating a percentage of farmland to “ecological focus areas” (EFA). Not all types of EFAs were being equally declared or established, and their effective relevance and contribution for ecosystem services has rarely been quantified. Scientific knowledge is limited concerning a conceptual design of EFA and a definition of the most adequate spatial configurations. Scenario simulations should help stakeholders and farmers to manage and establish the best configurations and types of EFAs to provide ecosystem services while maintaining economic productivity. This project aims to develop predictive relationships between EFA types and configurations and biodiversity indicators for Mediterranean irrigated farmlands, while also using this to determine the connectivity challenges considering the EFAs. The project will focus in two areas of irrigated farmland, Sorraia Valley and Tagus Valley. These landscapes are composed of natural rangeland and rain-fed land converted into irrigation cropland, where water deviation from rivers or storage reservoirs changed the landscape into a Green-Blue infrastructure composed of farm, forest and natural patches, interwoven by the river and its drainage system. We will implement a hydrological model, map patch configurations and quantify ecosystem services and costs based on biological and spatial data collected at two farmland irrigated areas (16000 ha each). We will develop a working model for optimal greening at the farm and irrigated valley levels, enabling the prediction of the best EFAs configurations to maximise biodiversity and ecosystem services, tested for different scenarios of agriculture development and global changes.