Chomsky’s (1970) Remarks on Nominalization primarily dwelled on the
dichotomy between ‘syntactic’ nominalizations like the gerund and the
‘lexical’ ones, which form his class of derived nominals. Interestingly,
however, his observation that mixed nominalizations like the ing-of gerund
share properties with both classes opened the path to a long-lasting
research program on the diversity of nominalizations in terms of how close
to or far away from the verbal base they can be in meaning and
morphosyntactic behavior (e.g., Grimshaw 1990, Zucchi 1993). In
syntax-based theories of word formation such as Distributed Morphology (DM)
and the Exo-skeletal Model (XSM), which implement Chomsky’s (1970) thesis
for ‘neutral’ category-less ‘lexical entries’ in the shape of acategorial
roots, this array of different nominalizations is captured in terms of how
much structure these nominals share with their base: it may be just the
root (as for Grimshaw’s result nominals), the full event structure of a
verb (as in argument structure nominals or Grimshaw’s complex event
nominals) or even sentence-like structures such as TPs or CPs (as in
English gerunds or Spanish infinitives; see Alexiadou et al 2011, Borer
2013 for overviews and references). It is the mixture between the first two
types of derived nominals that interests me here, as exemplified by
zero-derived nouns (ZNs), and I will show how the root ontology of the base
verb influences the possibility of ZNs to nominalize either roots or verbal
event structure, just like suffix-based nominals.