Statistical Analysis
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Steady-State Blocks
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Trial-by-trial adaptation was quantified for the wrist angle deviation from the ideal angle needed to attain the target. The adaptation rate $a$ and the bias $b$ were compared between feedback conditions and between target order using the following model:
$$y \sim \beta_0 + feedback + target + feedback \times target$$
where $subject$ was coded as a categorical random variable and $feedback$ and $target$ were coded as categorical independent variables. Data normality were confirmed via a Shapiro-Wilk test.
Perturbation Blocks
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Perturbation adaptation was quantified for the Euclidean distance between the cursor and the target. The gain $a$ and rate $λ$ were compared between feedback conditions and between target order using the following model:
$$y \sim \beta_0 + feedback + target + feedback \times target$$
where $subject$ was coded as a categorical random variable and $feedback$ and $target$ were coded as categorical independent variables. Data normality was confirmed via a Shapiro-Wilk test.