**Sex and gender differences in primary care help-seeking for common somatic symptoms: a longitudinal study**
*Published, to be found at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02813432.2023.2191653*
Aranka V. Ballering, Tim C. Olde Hartman, Robert Verheij & Judith G. M. Rosmalen (2023) Sex and gender differences in primary care help-seeking for common somatic symptoms: a longitudinal study, Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 41:2, 132-139, DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2023.2191653
**Abstract**
**Objective:** Women are reported to consult general practitioners (GPs) more frequently than men. However, previous studies on sex differences in help-seeking behavior for somatic symptoms do not distinguish between sex and gender, do not account for sex differences in presented symptoms, and are frequently conducted in clinical settings, automatically excluding non-help seekers. Therefore, we aim to assess the independent associations of sex and gender with primary care help-seeking for somatic symptoms in the general population.
**Design and setting:** Records from the longitudinal population-based Lifelines Cohort Study were linked to routine electronic health records from GPs.
**Subjects:**
Participants reporting new-onset common somatic symptoms.
**Main outcome measures:** Associations between sex and gender, operationalized via a novel gender-index, with primary care help-seeking for somatic symptoms and differences in the strength of the association between gender and help-seeking for somatic symptoms between women and men.
**Results:** Of 20,187 individuals with linked data, 8325 participants (67.5% female; mean age = 44.5 years [SD = 12.9]) reported at least one new-onset somatic symptom. Hereof, 255 (3.1%) consulted the GP within 6 weeks of symptom onset. Female sex was positively associated with consulting the GP (OR = 1.78; 95%CI = 1.13–2.80), whereas feminine gender was not (OR = 0.67; 95%CI = 0.39–1.16). The latter association did not differ in strength between men and women. More paid working days are negatively associated with help-seeking (OR = 0.95; 95%CI = 0.91–0.98).
**Conclusions:**
The results suggest that female sex rather than feminine gender is associated with primary care help-seeking behavior for somatic symptoms. Nevertheless, clinicians should be aware that gender-related variables, such as mean paid working days, may be associated with help-seeking behavior.
