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Category: Methods and Measures

Description: We used the same experimental design as in Study 1 (four leader conditions: opening, closing, ambidextrous leadership, and transformational leadership). To ensure a high standardization of the manipulation, we videotaped the different leadership conditions. Participants worked on the same task as described in Study 1. However, in contrast to Study 1, participants received the leader messages as video messages [(a) opening behavior, (b) closing behavior, (c) ambidextrous leadership, and (d) transformational leadership]. We conducted the experiment in two locations (Germany and Australia) and thus portrayed the leader in two languages (German and English). To minimize the effects of the portrayed leader (i.e., physical appearance, attractiveness, and gender), the same actress was used across all four conditions (Podsakoff et al., 2013). The actress was instructed to maintain contaminating factors (e.g., non-verbal cues, body movements and orientation, and affective tone) constant across all conditions (see Fig. 2). Furthermore, the visual perspective and film editing were kept constant across conditions, and we ensured that the actress used the exact wording of the emails.