What makes an inference robust?
Sentences like '*First year students are allowed/required to take logic or
semantics*,' with disjunction in the scope of an existential or universal
modal strongly suggest that first year students are allowed to take logic
and allowed to take semantics. This inference is generally referred to as
‘free choice’ in the case of existential modals, and ‘distributive’ in the
case of universal ones. A prominent approach treats both of these
inferences as scalar Implicatures (SIs). Experimental results, however,
show that these inferences are more robust, faster to process, and easier
to acquire than regular SIs. One response posits that this behavior stems
from the alternatives that derive them. We present a series of experiments
that test this hypothesis, comparing positive disjunctive sentences to
variants with negation and conjunction, for which the SI approach predicts
similar inferences for similar alternatives. We show that while these
inferences are indeed robust for disjunction, the same is not true for
these variants. These findings are challenging for the hypothesis that the
type of alternatives involved is responsible for differences in robustness.
And more generally are challenging for any unified account of these
inferences, whether based on implicature or not. We outline a hybrid
account treating the more robust inferences as entailments and the less
robust ones as implicatures and we argue that comparing inferences in terms
of robustness is an important perspective to learn more about the nature of
those inferences and the relation between them.