**Publisher page**
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2718
**Open access article (publisher version)**
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ejsp.2718
**Stimulus materials**
https://osf.io/f3yqh/
**Data and analyses**
Analysis script: https://osf.io/tx2vc/
Study 1a data: https://osf.io/683zf/
Study 1b data: https://osf.io/n9k8q/
Study 2 data: https://osf.io/3kjrg/
Study 3 data: https://osf.io/fwjxb/