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False memories when viewing overlapping scenes
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Description: Humans can memorize and later recognize many objects and complex scenes. In this study, we prepared larger photographs and presented participants with only partial views to test the fidelity of their memories. The unpresented parts of the photographs were used as a source of distractors with similar semantic and perceptual information. Additionally, we presented overlapping views to test whether the second presentation provides a memory advantage for later recognition tests. Experiment 1 (N=28) showed that while people were good at recognizing presented images and identifying new foils, they showed a remarkable level of uncertainty about foils selected from the unseen parts of presented scenes (false alarm, 59%). The recognition accuracy was higher for the parts that were shown twice, irrespective of whether the same identical photograph was viewed twice or whether two photographs with overlapping content were observed. In Experiment 2 (N=28), neither the recognition accuracy for an image part nor the tendency for false alarms correlated with the memorability of the corresponding larger image estimated by pretrained deep neural network. Finally, in Experiment 3 (N=21), we repeated the experiment while measuring eye movements. Fixations were biased toward the center of the original larger photograph, in the first presentation, and this bias was repeated during the second presentation in both identical and overlapping views. Altogether, our experiments show that people recognize parts of remembered photographs, but they find it difficult to reject foils from unseen parts, suggesting their memory representation is not sufficiently detailed to rule them out as distractors.