Participants are 1500 American adults, drawn in a stratified way with unequal probabilities of selection, so that the people who complete each survey will resemble the nation's adult population (according to the most recently available Current Population Survey, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau) in terms of gender, age, education, ethnicity (Hispanic vs. not), race (allowing each respondent to select more than one race), region, and income. Participants are randomly assigned to fill out the essentialist beliefs and the dualism scale either before or after the swap conditions. Participants read the essentialist beliefs scale (Horne & Cimpian, 2019) and the Dualism scale (Nadelhoffer et al., 2014). Essentialism scale: [all response options on 5-1 unnumbered scale with response options 5=Definitely True, 4=Probably True, 3=Neither True Nor False, 2=Probably , 1=Definitely False; R means reverse coded, all items in random order] I would pay the same amount of money for an original Picasso as for a perfect replica of it, assuming that experts could not tell the difference between the two. [R] I would pay a lot of money for a pair of jeans that Elvis wore. Trying on a sweater that Hitler wore, even if it was washed thoroughly beforehand, would make me very uncomfortable. I would be okay with eating at a restaurant booth that a serial killer sat at recently. [R] People who receive heart transplants from violent criminals could become a little more violent themselves. If a hard-working person gave someone a kidney, the recipient would be exactly as hardworking after the operation as they were before the operation. [R] I would be exactly as intelligent after receiving a liver donation from someone with a genius-level IQ as I was before the operation. [R] I hope I never get a heart transplant from a person who was mean, even if their heart was healthy. Receiving a pancreas transplant from someone who was obsessive-compulsive might make me ever so slightly more obsessive-compulsive. It makes absolutely no difference if you receive a kidney transplant from a pedophile or a social worker, as long both kidneys are fully functioning. [R] Dualism scale: [All items in random order on unnumbered 7-point scales from 1=Strongly disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Somewhat disagree, 4=Neither agree nor disagree, 5=Somewhat agree, 6=Agree, 7=Strongly agree] Please read the following sentences carefully and then indicate your level of agreement: The fact that we have souls that are distinct from our material bodies is what makes humans unique. Each person has a non-physical essence that makes that person unique. The human mind cannot simply be reduced to the brain. The human mind is more than just a complicated biological machine. Human action can only be understood in terms of our souls and minds and not just in terms of our brains. Participants will then be randomly assigned to either asnwer the scenario about brian or body swaps, and also be asked about either which account [pay dv] or gym membership [gym dv]. All participants read: Please consider the following hypothetical scenario about a man named John: John was recently found guilty of cheating on his taxes. He was fined $2000. As he is driving away from the courthouse, he is speeding down the highway. He gets into a terrible car accident with Adam, who was also speeding. Both men fall into a coma, the doctors believe that neither man will survive. The doctors decide to try an experimental procedure, they attempt a brain transplant between John and Adam. Since neither man's family can be contacted and they were about to die, the doctors continue with the surgery. They transplant John's brain into Adam's head, and Adam's brain into John's head. The transplant is a success. What is more, after the surgery, both men wake up from their comas. Once the men wake up, the doctors test all physiological responses and determine that both transplant recipients are functioning well. There are no negative side effects from the operation. Before the accident [before pictures] After the accident [brain swap post pics or body swap post pics, based on condition] Before the accident, John had a 30-day membership to a Gym and Health club. Both John and Adam live in the same city., Now John's body has Adam's brain in it and Adam's body has John's brain in it. Participants in the brain switch pay condition read: Before the accident, John had to pay a $2000 fine. Both John and Adam have bank accounts at the same bank. Now John's body has Adam's brain in it and Adam's body has John's brain in it. Who should have to pay the fine? Should it come from John’s original account (remember that John’s brain is now in Adam’s body) or from Adam’s original account (remember that Adam's brain is now in John's body). You may choose any amount of money from either, both, or neither bank account. Participants in the body switch gym condition read: Before the accident, John had a 30-day membership to a Gym and Health club and had used 10 of the 30 days. Both John and Adam live in the same city. Now John's body has Adam's brain in it and Adam's body has John's brain in it. Who should get to use the rest of the gym/health club membership and for how many days? Should it be John's body with Adam's brain in it? Should it be Adam's body with John's brain in it? You may choose any number of days from either, both, or neither. Participants in the body switch pay condition read: Before the accident, John had to pay a $2000 fine. Both John and Adam have bank accounts at the same bank. Now John's body has Adam's brain in it and Adam's body has John's brain in it. Who should have to pay the fine? Should it come from John’s original account (remember that John’s brain is now in Adam’s body) or from Adam’s original account (remember that Adam's brain is now in John's body). You may choose any amount of money from either, both, or neither bank account. Participants in the brain switch gym condition read: Before the accident, John had a 30-day membership to a Gym and Health club and had used 10 of the 30 days. Both John and Adam live in the same city. Now John's body has Adam's brain in it and Adam's body has John's brain in it. Who should get to use the rest of the gym/health club membership and for how many days? Should it be John's body with Adam's brain in it? Should it be Adam's body with John's brain in it? You may choose any number of days from either, both, or neither. All response options were two sliding scales, presented in random order with John's body with Adam's brain in it/Adam's body with John's brain in it. Those in the pay conditions had 0-$2000 with 10 intervals, those in the gym ocnditions had a 0-20 with 10 intervals scale. At the end, education will be recorded and coded as years of education as used in GWAS studies of educational attainment (Rietveld et al., 2014). For analysis purposes, the years are centered at 0 for no high school diploma What is the highest level of school you have completed or the highest degree you have received? No High School Diploma (less than 12th grade) [10] HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE- high school DIPLOMA or the equivalent (For example: GED) [12] Associate degree in college- Occupational/vocational program or Academic program []14] Bachelor's degree (For example: BA, AB, BS) [16] Master's or Professional School degree (For example: MA, MS, MEng, MEd, MSW, MBA, LLB) [19] Doctorate Degree (For example: PhD, EdD, MD, DDS, DVM, LLB, JD) [22] **References** Horne, Z., & Cimpian, A. Intuitions about personal identity are linked to essentialist thinking in adults and children. Nadelhoffer, T., Shepard, J., Nahmias, E., Sripada, C., & Ross, L. T. (2014). The free will inventory: Measuring beliefs about agency and responsibility. *Consciousness and cognition*, 25, 27-41. Rietveld, C. A., Conley, D., Eriksson, N., Esko, T., Medland, S. E., Vinkhuyzen, A. A., ... & Domingue, B. W. (2014). Replicability and robustness of genome-wide-association studies for behavioral traits. *Psychological science*, 25(11), 1975-1986.