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Description: Children’s physical fitness development and related moderating effects of age and sex are well documented, especially boys’ and girls’ divergence during puberty. The situation might be different during prepuberty. As girls mature approximately two years earlier than boys, we tested a possible convergence of performance with five tests representing four components of physical fitness in a large sample of 108,295 eight-year old third-graders. Within this single prepubertal year of life and irrespective of the test, performance increased linearly with chronological age, and boys outperformed girls to a larger extent in tests requiring muscle mass for successful performance. Tests differed in the magnitude of age effects (gains), but there was no evidence for an interaction between age and sex. Moreover, “physical fitness” of schools correlated at r = 0.48 with their age effect which might imply that "fit schools” promote larger gains; expected secular trends from 2011 to 2019 were replicated. Data and script for research related to the Emotikon project. Project website: https://www.uni-potsdam.de/de/emotikon/index Publication: • Fühner, T., Granacher, U., Golle, K., & Kliegl, R. (2021). Age and sex effects in physical fitness components of 108,295 third graders including 515 primary schools and 9 cohorts. Scientific Reports 11:17566 https://rdcu.be/cwSeR Revision 2022-04-02: + refit with Julia 1.7.2, MixedModels 4.6.1 + add restore options for m1 and m1L model objects Revision 2021-11-05: Add Rmd/HTML for confirmatory factor analyses at level of child and school ("Stichlinge") • Revision 2021-09-02: • published in Scientific Reports • add json file for generating LMM m1 from model parameters and data to folder "fits" Revision 2021-07-28: • refit with Julia 1.6.2, MixedModels 4.4.0 • manuscript revised in response to journal reviews Revision 2021-05-02: • provide only essential data • compute zscore in Julia • refit with Julia 1.6.1, MixedModels 3.6.0 • "streamline" naming of fitted model objects • revise MixedModelsCommandReference.jmd • correct x-axis on Figure 2 • update documents